nautilus_infrastructure/redis/

queries.rs

// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Copyright (C) 2015-2026 Nautech Systems Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.
//  https://nautechsystems.io
//
//  Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3.0 (the "License");
//  You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//  You may obtain a copy of the License at https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html
//
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//  limitations under the License.
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

use std::{collections::HashMap, str::FromStr};

use ahash::AHashMap;
use bytes::Bytes;
use futures::future::join_all;
use jiff::Timestamp;
use nautilus_common::{cache::database::CacheMap, enums::SerializationEncoding};
use nautilus_model::{
    accounts::AccountAny,
    data::{CustomData, DataType, HasTsInit, InstrumentClose},
    events::{AccountState, OrderEventAny, OrderFilled, PositionSnapshot},
    identifiers::{AccountId, ClientId, ClientOrderId, InstrumentId, PositionId},
    instruments::{InstrumentAny, SyntheticInstrument},
    orders::OrderAny,
    position::Position,
    types::Currency,
};
use redis::{AsyncCommands, aio::ConnectionManager};
use serde::{Serialize, de::DeserializeOwned};
use serde_json::Value;
use ustr::Ustr;

use super::get_index_key;

// Collection keys
const INDEX: &str = "index";
const GENERAL: &str = "general";
const CURRENCIES: &str = "currencies";
const INSTRUMENTS: &str = "instruments";
const INSTRUMENT_CLOSES: &str = "instrument_closes";
const SYNTHETICS: &str = "synthetics";
const ACCOUNTS: &str = "accounts";
const ORDERS: &str = "orders";
const POSITIONS: &str = "positions";
const SNAPSHOTS: &str = "snapshots";
const ACTORS: &str = "actors";
const STRATEGIES: &str = "strategies";
const CUSTOM: &str = "custom";
const REDIS_DELIMITER: char = ':';

// Index keys
const INDEX_ORDER_IDS: &str = "index:order_ids";
const INDEX_ORDER_POSITION: &str = "index:order_position";
const INDEX_ORDER_CLIENT: &str = "index:order_client";
const INDEX_ORDERS: &str = "index:orders";
const INDEX_ORDERS_OPEN: &str = "index:orders_open";
const INDEX_ORDERS_CLOSED: &str = "index:orders_closed";
const INDEX_ORDERS_EMULATED: &str = "index:orders_emulated";
const INDEX_ORDERS_INFLIGHT: &str = "index:orders_inflight";
const INDEX_POSITIONS: &str = "index:positions";
const INDEX_POSITIONS_OPEN: &str = "index:positions_open";
const INDEX_POSITIONS_CLOSED: &str = "index:positions_closed";

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct DatabaseQueries;

impl DatabaseQueries {
    /// Serializes the given `payload` using the specified `encoding` to a byte vector.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if serialization to the chosen encoding fails.
    pub fn serialize_payload<T: Serialize>(
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
        payload: &T,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
        match encoding {
            SerializationEncoding::MsgPack => {
                let mut value = serde_json::to_value(payload)?;
                convert_timestamps(&mut value);
                rmp_serde::to_vec(&value)
                    .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to serialize msgpack `payload`: {e}"))
            }
            SerializationEncoding::Json => {
                let mut value = serde_json::to_value(payload)?;
                convert_timestamps(&mut value);
                serde_json::to_vec(&value)
                    .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to serialize json `payload`: {e}"))
            }
            SerializationEncoding::Sbe => {
                anyhow::bail!("SBE encoding is not supported for Redis cache payloads")
            }
            SerializationEncoding::Capnp => {
                anyhow::bail!("Cap'n Proto encoding is not supported for Redis cache payloads")
            }
        }
    }

    /// Deserializes the given byte slice `payload` into type `T` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if deserialization from the chosen encoding fails or converting to the target type fails.
    pub fn deserialize_payload<T: DeserializeOwned>(
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
        payload: &[u8],
    ) -> anyhow::Result<T> {
        let mut value = match encoding {
            SerializationEncoding::MsgPack => rmp_serde::from_slice(payload)
                .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to deserialize msgpack `payload`: {e}"))?,
            SerializationEncoding::Json => serde_json::from_slice(payload)
                .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to deserialize json `payload`: {e}"))?,
            SerializationEncoding::Sbe => {
                anyhow::bail!("SBE encoding is not supported for Redis cache payloads")
            }
            SerializationEncoding::Capnp => {
                anyhow::bail!("Cap'n Proto encoding is not supported for Redis cache payloads")
            }
        };

        convert_timestamp_strings(&mut value);

        serde_json::from_value(value)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to convert value to target type: {e}"))
    }

    /// Scans Redis for keys matching the given `pattern`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the Redis scan operation fails.
    pub async fn scan_keys(
        con: &mut ConnectionManager,
        pattern: String,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<String>> {
        let mut result = Vec::new();
        let mut cursor = 0u64;

        loop {
            let scan_result: (u64, Vec<String>) = redis::cmd("SCAN")
                .arg(cursor)
                .arg("MATCH")
                .arg(&pattern)
                .arg("COUNT")
                .arg(5000)
                .query_async(con)
                .await?;

            let (new_cursor, keys) = scan_result;
            result.extend(keys);

            // If cursor is 0, we've completed the full scan
            if new_cursor == 0 {
                break;
            }

            cursor = new_cursor;
        }

        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Bulk reads multiple keys from Redis using MGET for efficiency.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the underlying Redis MGET operation fails.
    pub async fn read_bulk(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        keys: &[String],
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Option<Bytes>>> {
        if keys.is_empty() {
            return Ok(vec![]);
        }

        let mut con = con.clone();

        // Use MGET to fetch all keys in a single network operation
        let results: Vec<Option<Vec<u8>>> =
            redis::cmd("MGET").arg(keys).query_async(&mut con).await?;

        // Convert Vec<u8> to Bytes
        let bytes_results: Vec<Option<Bytes>> = results
            .into_iter()
            .map(|opt| opt.map(Bytes::from))
            .collect();

        Ok(bytes_results)
    }

    /// Bulk reads multiple keys from Redis using MGET, batched into chunks.
    ///
    /// Keys are batched into chunks of `batch_size` to avoid exceeding Redis
    /// request size limits on some providers.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if `batch_size` is zero or if the underlying Redis MGET operation fails.
    pub async fn read_bulk_batched(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        keys: &[String],
        batch_size: usize,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Option<Bytes>>> {
        if batch_size == 0 {
            anyhow::bail!("`batch_size` must be greater than zero");
        }

        if keys.is_empty() {
            return Ok(vec![]);
        }

        let mut all_results: Vec<Option<Bytes>> = Vec::with_capacity(keys.len());

        for chunk in keys.chunks(batch_size) {
            let mut con = con.clone();

            let results: Vec<Option<Vec<u8>>> =
                redis::cmd("MGET").arg(chunk).query_async(&mut con).await?;

            all_results.extend(results.into_iter().map(|opt| opt.map(Bytes::from)));
        }

        Ok(all_results)
    }

    /// Reads raw byte payloads for `key` under `trader_key` from Redis.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the underlying Redis read operation fails or if the collection is unsupported.
    pub async fn read(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        key: &str,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Bytes>> {
        let collection = Self::get_collection_key(key)?;
        let full_key = format!("{trader_key}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{key}");

        let mut con = con.clone();

        match collection {
            INDEX => Self::read_index(&mut con, &full_key).await,
            GENERAL | CURRENCIES | INSTRUMENTS | INSTRUMENT_CLOSES | SYNTHETICS | ACTORS
            | STRATEGIES => Self::read_string(&mut con, &full_key).await,
            ACCOUNTS | ORDERS | POSITIONS | SNAPSHOTS => Self::read_list(&mut con, &full_key).await,
            _ => anyhow::bail!("Unsupported operation: `read` for collection '{collection}'"),
        }
    }

    /// Loads all cache data (currencies, instruments, synthetics, accounts, orders, positions) for `trader_key`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if loading any of the individual caches fails or combining data fails.
    pub async fn load_all(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
        trader_key: &str,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<CacheMap> {
        let (currencies, instruments, instrument_closes, synthetics, accounts, orders, positions) =
            tokio::try_join!(
                Self::load_currencies(con, trader_key, encoding),
                Self::load_instruments(con, trader_key, encoding),
                Self::load_instrument_closes(con, trader_key, encoding),
                Self::load_synthetics(con, trader_key, encoding),
                Self::load_accounts(con, trader_key, encoding),
                Self::load_orders(con, trader_key, encoding),
                Self::load_positions(con, trader_key, encoding)
            )
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Error loading cache data: {e}"))?;

        // For now, we don't load greeks and yield curves from the database
        // This will be implemented in the future
        let greeks = AHashMap::new();
        let yield_curves = AHashMap::new();

        Ok(CacheMap {
            currencies,
            instruments,
            instrument_closes,
            synthetics,
            accounts,
            orders,
            positions,
            greeks,
            yield_curves,
        })
    }

    /// Loads all currencies for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading currency data fails.
    pub async fn load_currencies(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<AHashMap<Ustr, Currency>> {
        let mut currencies = AHashMap::new();
        let pattern = format!("{trader_key}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{CURRENCIES}*");
        log::debug!("Loading {pattern}");

        let mut con = con.clone();
        let keys = Self::scan_keys(&mut con, pattern).await?;

        if keys.is_empty() {
            return Ok(currencies);
        }

        // Use bulk loading with MGET for efficiency
        let bulk_values = Self::read_bulk(&con, &keys).await?;

        // Process the bulk results
        for (key, value_opt) in keys.iter().zip(bulk_values.iter()) {
            let currency_code = if let Some(code) = key.as_str().rsplit(':').next() {
                Ustr::from(code)
            } else {
                log::error!("Invalid key format: {key}");
                continue;
            };

            if let Some(value_bytes) = value_opt {
                match Self::deserialize_payload(encoding, value_bytes) {
                    Ok(currency) => {
                        currencies.insert(currency_code, currency);
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        log::error!("Failed to deserialize currency {currency_code}: {e}");
                    }
                }
            } else {
                log::error!("Currency not found in Redis: {currency_code}");
            }
        }

        log::debug!("Loaded {} currencies(s)", currencies.len());

        Ok(currencies)
    }

    /// Loads all instruments for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading instrument data fails.
    /// Loads all instruments for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading instrument data fails.
    pub async fn load_instruments(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<AHashMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentAny>> {
        let mut instruments = AHashMap::new();
        let prefix = format!("{trader_key}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{INSTRUMENTS}{REDIS_DELIMITER}");
        let pattern = format!("{prefix}*");
        log::debug!("Loading {pattern}");

        let mut con = con.clone();
        let keys = Self::scan_keys(&mut con, pattern).await?;

        let futures: Vec<_> = keys
            .iter()
            .map(|key| {
                let con = con.clone();
                let prefix = &prefix;
                async move {
                    let instrument_id = parse_instrument_key(key, prefix);

                    let Ok(instrument_id) = instrument_id else {
                        log::error!("Failed to parse InstrumentId from Redis key: {key}");
                        return None;
                    };

                    match Self::load_instrument(&con, trader_key, &instrument_id, encoding).await {
                        Ok(Some(instrument)) => Some((instrument_id, instrument)),
                        Ok(None) => {
                            log::error!("Instrument not found: {instrument_id}");
                            None
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            log::error!("Failed to load instrument {instrument_id}: {e}");
                            None
                        }
                    }
                }
            })
            .collect();

        // Insert all Instrument_id (key) and Instrument (value) into the HashMap, filtering out None values.
        instruments.extend(join_all(futures).await.into_iter().flatten());
        log::debug!("Loaded {} instruments(s)", instruments.len());

        Ok(instruments)
    }

    /// Loads all instrument closes for `trader_key`.
    ///
    /// Missing or invalid close data fails the load so recovery cannot silently omit a close.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning, reading, parsing, or deserializing instrument closes fails.
    pub async fn load_instrument_closes(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<AHashMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentClose>> {
        let prefix = format!("{trader_key}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{INSTRUMENT_CLOSES}{REDIS_DELIMITER}");
        let pattern = format!("{prefix}*");
        log::debug!("Loading {pattern}");

        let mut con = con.clone();
        let keys = Self::scan_keys(&mut con, pattern).await?;
        let values = Self::read_bulk(&con, &keys).await?;
        let mut closes = AHashMap::with_capacity(keys.len());

        for (key, value) in keys.into_iter().zip(values) {
            let instrument_id = parse_instrument_key(&key, &prefix)?;
            let value = value
                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Instrument close not found in Redis: {key}"))?;
            let close: InstrumentClose = Self::deserialize_payload(encoding, &value)?;
            anyhow::ensure!(
                close.instrument_id == instrument_id,
                "Instrument close key ID {instrument_id} did not match payload ID {}",
                close.instrument_id,
            );
            closes.insert(instrument_id, close);
        }

        log::debug!("Loaded {} instrument close(s)", closes.len());
        Ok(closes)
    }

    /// Loads all synthetic instruments for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading synthetic instrument data fails.
    pub async fn load_synthetics(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<AHashMap<InstrumentId, SyntheticInstrument>> {
        let mut synthetics = AHashMap::new();
        let pattern = format!("{trader_key}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{SYNTHETICS}*");
        log::debug!("Loading {pattern}");

        let mut con = con.clone();
        let keys = Self::scan_keys(&mut con, pattern).await?;

        let futures: Vec<_> = keys
            .iter()
            .map(|key| {
                let con = con.clone();
                async move {
                    let instrument_id = key
                        .as_str()
                        .rsplit(':')
                        .next()
                        .ok_or_else(|| {
                            log::error!("Invalid key format: {key}");
                            "Invalid key format"
                        })
                        .and_then(|code| {
                            InstrumentId::from_str(code).map_err(|e| {
                                log::error!("Failed to parse InstrumentId for {key}: {e}");
                                "Invalid instrument ID"
                            })
                        });

                    let Ok(instrument_id) = instrument_id else {
                        return None;
                    };

                    match Self::load_synthetic(&con, trader_key, &instrument_id, encoding).await {
                        Ok(Some(synthetic)) => Some((instrument_id, synthetic)),
                        Ok(None) => {
                            log::error!("Synthetic not found: {instrument_id}");
                            None
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            log::error!("Failed to load synthetic {instrument_id}: {e}");
                            None
                        }
                    }
                }
            })
            .collect();

        // Insert all Instrument_id (key) and Synthetic (value) into the HashMap, filtering out None values.
        synthetics.extend(join_all(futures).await.into_iter().flatten());
        log::debug!("Loaded {} synthetics(s)", synthetics.len());

        Ok(synthetics)
    }

    /// Loads all accounts for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading account data fails.
    /// Loads all accounts for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading account data fails.
    pub async fn load_accounts(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<AHashMap<AccountId, AccountAny>> {
        let mut accounts = AHashMap::new();
        let pattern = format!("{trader_key}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{ACCOUNTS}*");
        log::debug!("Loading {pattern}");

        let mut con = con.clone();
        let keys = Self::scan_keys(&mut con, pattern).await?;

        let futures: Vec<_> = keys
            .iter()
            .map(|key| {
                let con = con.clone();
                async move {
                    let account_id = if let Some(code) = key.as_str().rsplit(':').next() {
                        AccountId::from(code)
                    } else {
                        log::error!("Invalid key format: {key}");
                        return None;
                    };

                    match Self::load_account(&con, trader_key, &account_id, encoding).await {
                        Ok(Some(account)) => Some((account_id, account)),
                        Ok(None) => {
                            log::error!("Account not found: {account_id}");
                            None
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            log::error!("Failed to load account {account_id}: {e}");
                            None
                        }
                    }
                }
            })
            .collect();

        // Insert all Account_id (key) and Account (value) into the HashMap, filtering out None values.
        accounts.extend(join_all(futures).await.into_iter().flatten());
        log::debug!("Loaded {} accounts(s)", accounts.len());

        Ok(accounts)
    }

    /// Loads all orders for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading order data fails.
    /// Loads all orders for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading order data fails.
    pub async fn load_orders(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<AHashMap<ClientOrderId, OrderAny>> {
        let mut orders = AHashMap::new();
        let pattern = format!("{trader_key}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{ORDERS}*");
        log::debug!("Loading {pattern}");

        let mut con = con.clone();
        let keys = Self::scan_keys(&mut con, pattern).await?;

        let futures: Vec<_> = keys
            .iter()
            .map(|key| {
                let con = con.clone();
                async move {
                    let client_order_id = if let Some(code) = key.as_str().rsplit(':').next() {
                        ClientOrderId::from(code)
                    } else {
                        log::error!("Invalid key format: {key}");
                        return None;
                    };

                    match Self::load_order(&con, trader_key, &client_order_id, encoding).await {
                        Ok(Some(order)) => Some((client_order_id, order)),
                        Ok(None) => {
                            log::error!("Order not found: {client_order_id}");
                            None
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            log::error!("Failed to load order {client_order_id}: {e}");
                            None
                        }
                    }
                }
            })
            .collect();

        // Insert all Client-Order-Id (key) and Order (value) into the HashMap, filtering out None values.
        orders.extend(join_all(futures).await.into_iter().flatten());
        log::debug!("Loaded {} order(s)", orders.len());

        Ok(orders)
    }

    /// Loads all positions for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading position data fails.
    /// Loads all positions for `trader_key` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning keys or reading position data fails.
    pub async fn load_positions(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<AHashMap<PositionId, Position>> {
        let mut positions = AHashMap::new();
        let pattern = format!("{trader_key}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{POSITIONS}*");
        log::debug!("Loading {pattern}");

        let mut con = con.clone();
        let keys = Self::scan_keys(&mut con, pattern).await?;

        let futures: Vec<_> = keys
            .iter()
            .map(|key| {
                let con = con.clone();
                async move {
                    let position_id = if let Some(code) = key.as_str().rsplit(':').next() {
                        PositionId::from(code)
                    } else {
                        log::error!("Invalid key format: {key}");
                        return None;
                    };

                    match Self::load_position(&con, trader_key, &position_id, encoding).await {
                        Ok(Some(position)) => Some((position_id, position)),
                        Ok(None) => {
                            log::error!("Position not found: {position_id}");
                            None
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            log::error!("Failed to load position {position_id}: {e}");
                            None
                        }
                    }
                }
            })
            .collect();

        // Insert all Position_id (key) and Position (value) into the HashMap, filtering out None values.
        positions.extend(join_all(futures).await.into_iter().flatten());
        log::debug!("Loaded {} position(s)", positions.len());

        Ok(positions)
    }

    /// Loads the order ID to position ID index for `trader_key`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if reading or parsing the index fails.
    pub async fn load_index_order_position(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<AHashMap<ClientOrderId, PositionId>> {
        let index = Self::read_index_hash(con, trader_key, INDEX_ORDER_POSITION).await?;
        Ok(index
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(k, v)| {
                (
                    ClientOrderId::from(k.as_str()),
                    PositionId::from(v.as_str()),
                )
            })
            .collect())
    }

    /// Loads the order ID to execution client ID index for `trader_key`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if reading or parsing the index fails.
    pub async fn load_index_order_client(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<AHashMap<ClientOrderId, ClientId>> {
        let index = Self::read_index_hash(con, trader_key, INDEX_ORDER_CLIENT).await?;
        Ok(index
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(k, v)| (ClientOrderId::from(k.as_str()), ClientId::from(v.as_str())))
            .collect())
    }

    async fn read_index_hash(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        key: &str,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<HashMap<String, String>> {
        let result = Self::read(con, trader_key, key).await?;
        if result.is_empty() {
            return Ok(HashMap::new());
        }

        serde_json::from_slice(&result[0])
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse index hash '{key}': {e}"))
    }

    /// Loads all custom data for `trader_key` matching the given `data_type`.
    ///
    /// Keys are stored as `custom:<ts_init_020>:<uuid>`; value is full `CustomData` JSON.
    /// Scans all custom keys, deserializes, filters by `type_name` (full or short), metadata,
    /// and identifier to match SQL semantics, then sorts by `ts_init` ascending.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if scanning, bulk read, or deserialization fails.
    pub async fn load_custom_data(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        data_type: &DataType,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<CustomData>> {
        let pattern = format!("{trader_key}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{CUSTOM}*");
        log::debug!("Loading custom data {pattern}");

        let mut con = con.clone();
        let keys = Self::scan_keys(&mut con, pattern).await?;

        if keys.is_empty() {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        }

        let values = Self::read_bulk(&con, &keys).await?;
        let request_type_name = data_type.type_name();
        let request_short = request_type_name
            .rsplit([':', '.'])
            .next()
            .unwrap_or(request_type_name);
        let request_identifier = data_type.identifier().unwrap_or("");

        let mut results = Vec::new();

        for value_opt in values {
            let Some(value_bytes) = value_opt else {
                continue;
            };
            let custom = match CustomData::from_json_bytes(value_bytes.as_ref()) {
                Ok(c) => c,
                Err(e) => {
                    log::warn!("Failed to deserialize custom data from Redis: {e}");
                    continue;
                }
            };
            let stored_type_name = custom.data_type.type_name();
            let type_match =
                stored_type_name == request_type_name || stored_type_name == request_short;
            let identifier_match =
                custom.data_type.identifier().unwrap_or("") == request_identifier;
            let metadata_match = match (data_type.metadata(), custom.data_type.metadata()) {
                (None, None) => true,
                (Some(a), Some(b)) => serde_json::to_value(a).ok() == serde_json::to_value(b).ok(),
                _ => false,
            };

            if type_match && identifier_match && metadata_match {
                results.push(custom);
            }
        }

        results.sort_by_key(HasTsInit::ts_init);
        log::debug!("Loaded {} custom data item(s)", results.len());
        Ok(results)
    }

    /// Loads a single currency for `trader_key` and `code` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the underlying read or deserialization fails.
    pub async fn load_currency(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        code: &Ustr,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<Currency>> {
        let key = format!("{CURRENCIES}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{code}");
        let result = Self::read(con, trader_key, &key).await?;

        if result.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let currency = Self::deserialize_payload(encoding, &result[0])?;
        Ok(currency)
    }

    /// Loads a single instrument for `trader_key` and `instrument_id` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the underlying read or deserialization fails.
    pub async fn load_instrument(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        instrument_id: &InstrumentId,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<InstrumentAny>> {
        let key = format!("{INSTRUMENTS}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{instrument_id}");
        let result = Self::read(con, trader_key, &key).await?;
        if result.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let instrument: InstrumentAny = Self::deserialize_payload(encoding, &result[0])?;
        Ok(Some(instrument))
    }

    /// Loads a single synthetic instrument for `trader_key` and `instrument_id` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the underlying read or deserialization fails.
    pub async fn load_synthetic(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        instrument_id: &InstrumentId,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<SyntheticInstrument>> {
        let key = format!("{SYNTHETICS}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{instrument_id}");
        let result = Self::read(con, trader_key, &key).await?;
        if result.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let synthetic: SyntheticInstrument = Self::deserialize_payload(encoding, &result[0])?;
        Ok(Some(synthetic))
    }

    /// Loads a single account for `trader_key` and `account_id` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the underlying read or deserialization fails.
    pub async fn load_account(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        account_id: &AccountId,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<AccountAny>> {
        let key = format!("{ACCOUNTS}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{account_id}");
        let result = Self::read(con, trader_key, &key).await?;
        if result.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let events: Vec<AccountState> = result
            .iter()
            .map(|payload| Self::deserialize_payload(encoding, payload))
            .collect::<anyhow::Result<_>>()?;
        let account = AccountAny::from_events(&events)?;
        Ok(Some(account))
    }

    /// Loads a single order for `trader_key` and `client_order_id` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the underlying read or deserialization fails.
    pub async fn load_order(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        client_order_id: &ClientOrderId,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<OrderAny>> {
        let key = format!("{ORDERS}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{client_order_id}");
        let result = Self::read(con, trader_key, &key).await?;
        if result.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let events: Vec<OrderEventAny> = result
            .iter()
            .map(|payload| Self::deserialize_payload(encoding, payload))
            .collect::<anyhow::Result<_>>()?;
        let order = OrderAny::from_events(events)?;
        Ok(Some(order))
    }

    /// Loads a single position for `trader_key` and `position_id` using the specified `encoding`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the underlying read or deserialization fails.
    pub async fn load_position(
        con: &ConnectionManager,
        trader_key: &str,
        position_id: &PositionId,
        encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Option<Position>> {
        let snapshot_key =
            format!("{SNAPSHOTS}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{POSITIONS}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{position_id}");
        let snapshots = Self::read(con, trader_key, &snapshot_key).await?;
        for payload in snapshots.iter().rev() {
            let snapshot: PositionSnapshot = Self::deserialize_payload(encoding, payload)?;
            if let Some(replay_state) = snapshot.replay_state {
                return serde_json::from_value(replay_state)
                    .map(Some)
                    .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to decode position replay state: {e}"));
            }
        }

        let key = format!("{POSITIONS}{REDIS_DELIMITER}{position_id}");
        let result = Self::read(con, trader_key, &key).await?;
        if result.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let fills: Vec<OrderFilled> = result
            .iter()
            .map(|payload| Self::deserialize_payload(encoding, payload))
            .collect::<anyhow::Result<_>>()?;
        let Some((first_fill, remaining_fills)) = fills.split_first() else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        let Some(instrument) =
            Self::load_instrument(con, trader_key, &first_fill.instrument_id, encoding).await?
        else {
            log::error!(
                "Instrument not found for position {position_id}: {}",
                first_fill.instrument_id
            );
            return Ok(None);
        };

        let mut position = Position::new(&instrument, first_fill.clone());
        for fill in remaining_fills {
            if position.trade_ids().contains(&fill.trade_id) {
                anyhow::bail!(
                    "Duplicate fill event for position {position_id}: {}",
                    fill.trade_id
                );
            }
            position.apply(fill);
        }

        Ok(Some(position))
    }

    fn get_collection_key(key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<&str> {
        key.split_once(REDIS_DELIMITER)
            .map(|(collection, _)| collection)
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid `key`, missing a '{REDIS_DELIMITER}' delimiter, was {key}")
            })
    }

    async fn read_index(conn: &mut ConnectionManager, key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Bytes>> {
        let index_key = get_index_key(key)?;
        match index_key {
            INDEX_ORDER_IDS
            | INDEX_ORDERS
            | INDEX_ORDERS_OPEN
            | INDEX_ORDERS_CLOSED
            | INDEX_ORDERS_EMULATED
            | INDEX_ORDERS_INFLIGHT
            | INDEX_POSITIONS
            | INDEX_POSITIONS_OPEN
            | INDEX_POSITIONS_CLOSED => Self::read_set(conn, key).await,
            INDEX_ORDER_POSITION | INDEX_ORDER_CLIENT => Self::read_hset(conn, key).await,
            _ => anyhow::bail!("Index unknown '{index_key}' on read"),
        }
    }

    async fn read_string(conn: &mut ConnectionManager, key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Bytes>> {
        let result: Vec<u8> = conn.get(key).await?;

        if result.is_empty() {
            Ok(vec![])
        } else {
            Ok(vec![Bytes::from(result)])
        }
    }

    async fn read_set(conn: &mut ConnectionManager, key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Bytes>> {
        let result: Vec<Bytes> = conn.smembers(key).await?;
        Ok(result)
    }

    async fn read_hset(conn: &mut ConnectionManager, key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Bytes>> {
        let result: HashMap<String, String> = conn.hgetall(key).await?;
        let json = serde_json::to_string(&result)?;
        Ok(vec![Bytes::from(json.into_bytes())])
    }

    async fn read_list(conn: &mut ConnectionManager, key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Bytes>> {
        let result: Vec<Bytes> = conn.lrange(key, 0, -1).await?;
        Ok(result)
    }
}

fn parse_instrument_key(key: &str, prefix: &str) -> anyhow::Result<InstrumentId> {
    let value = key
        .strip_prefix(prefix)
        .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid instrument key '{key}'"))?;
    InstrumentId::from_str(value)
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse instrument ID from key '{key}': {e}"))
}

fn is_timestamp_field(key: &str) -> bool {
    let expire_match = key == "expire_time_ns";
    let ts_match = key.starts_with("ts_");
    expire_match || ts_match
}

fn convert_timestamps(value: &mut Value) {
    match value {
        Value::Object(map) => {
            for (key, v) in map {
                if is_timestamp_field(key)
                    && let Value::Number(n) = v
                    && let Some(n) = n.as_u64()
                {
                    let dt = Timestamp::from_nanosecond(i128::from(n))
                        .expect("UnixNanos is within Jiff's timestamp range");
                    *v = Value::String(format!("{dt:.9}"));
                }
                convert_timestamps(v);
            }
        }
        Value::Array(arr) => {
            for item in arr {
                convert_timestamps(item);
            }
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

fn convert_timestamp_strings(value: &mut Value) {
    match value {
        Value::Object(map) => {
            for (key, v) in map {
                if is_timestamp_field(key)
                    && let Value::String(s) = v
                    && let Ok(dt) = s.parse::<Timestamp>()
                {
                    let nanos = u64::try_from(dt.as_nanosecond()).expect("Invalid timestamp");
                    *v = Value::Number(nanos.into());
                }
                convert_timestamp_strings(v);
            }
        }
        Value::Array(arr) => {
            for item in arr {
                convert_timestamp_strings(item);
            }
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::str::FromStr;

    use nautilus_common::enums::SerializationEncoding;
    use nautilus_core::UnixNanos;
    use nautilus_model::{
        enums::{AccountType, CurrencyType},
        events::AccountState,
        identifiers::{AccountId, InstrumentId},
        types::{AccountBalance, Currency, Money},
    };
    use rstest::rstest;
    use serde::Deserialize;

    use super::{DatabaseQueries, parse_instrument_key};

    #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
    struct TimestampPayload {
        ts_event: UnixNanos,
        ts_init: UnixNanos,
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case(SerializationEncoding::Json)]
    #[case(SerializationEncoding::MsgPack)]
    fn test_deserialize_chrono_timestamp_payload(#[case] encoding: SerializationEncoding) {
        let json = include_bytes!("../../test_data/redis_cache_timestamp_chrono.json");
        let payload = match encoding {
            SerializationEncoding::Json => json.to_vec(),
            SerializationEncoding::MsgPack => {
                let value = serde_json::from_slice::<serde_json::Value>(json).unwrap();
                rmp_serde::to_vec(&value).unwrap()
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        };

        let result =
            DatabaseQueries::deserialize_payload::<TimestampPayload>(encoding, &payload).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            result,
            TimestampPayload {
                ts_event: UnixNanos::from(1_123_456_789),
                ts_init: UnixNanos::from(2_987_654_321),
            }
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case(SerializationEncoding::Json)]
    #[case(SerializationEncoding::MsgPack)]
    fn test_wallet_account_state_round_trips_unregistered_currency(
        #[case] encoding: SerializationEncoding,
    ) {
        let currency = Currency::new(
            "ENG729C",
            6,
            0,
            "Cache round-trip token",
            CurrencyType::Crypto,
        );
        let total = Money::from_mantissa_exponent(123_456_789, -6, currency);
        let state = AccountState::new(
            AccountId::new("WALLET-CACHE-001"),
            AccountType::Wallet,
            vec![AccountBalance::new(total, Money::zero(currency), total)],
            vec![],
            true,
            nautilus_core::UUID4::new(),
            UnixNanos::from(1),
            UnixNanos::from(2),
            None,
        );
        assert!(Currency::try_from_str("ENG729C").is_none());

        let payload = DatabaseQueries::serialize_payload(encoding, &state).unwrap();
        let restored: AccountState =
            DatabaseQueries::deserialize_payload(encoding, &payload).unwrap();
        let restored = restored.balances[0];

        assert_eq!(restored.total.raw(), total.raw());
        assert_eq!(restored.locked.raw(), 0);
        assert_eq!(restored.free.raw(), total.raw());
        assert_eq!(restored.currency.code, currency.code);
        assert_eq!(restored.currency.precision, currency.precision);
        assert_eq!(restored.currency.iso4217, currency.iso4217);
        assert_eq!(restored.currency.name, currency.name);
        assert_eq!(restored.currency.currency_type, currency.currency_type);
        assert!(Currency::try_from_str("ENG729C").is_none());
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case("0xC31E54c7a869B9FcBEcc14363CF510d1c41fa443.Arbitrum:UniswapV3")]
    #[case(concat!(
        "0xc9bc8043294146424a4e4607d8ad837d",
        "6a659142822bbaaabc83bb57e7447461.Arbitrum:UniswapV4",
    ))]
    fn test_parse_instrument_key_preserves_colons_in_venue(#[case] value: &str) {
        let prefix = "TRADER-001:instruments:";
        let key = format!("{prefix}{value}");

        let result = parse_instrument_key(&key, prefix).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(result, InstrumentId::from_str(value).unwrap());
    }
}