nautilus_trading/python/

strategy.rs

// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Copyright (C) 2015-2026 Nautech Systems Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.
//  https://nautechsystems.io
//
//  Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3.0 (the "License");
//  You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//  You may obtain a copy of the License at https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html
//
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//  limitations under the License.
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//! Python bindings for Strategy with complete order and position management.

use std::{
    any::Any,
    cell::{RefCell, UnsafeCell},
    collections::HashMap,
    fmt::Debug,
    num::NonZeroUsize,
    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
    rc::Rc,
};

use indexmap::IndexMap;
use jiff::Timestamp;
use nautilus_common::{
    actor::{
        Actor, DataActor, DataActorNative,
        data_actor::DataActorCore,
        registry::{try_get_actor_unchecked, with_actor_registry},
    },
    cache::Cache,
    clock::Clock,
    component::{Component, with_component_registry},
    enums::ComponentState,
    messages::system::{QueueStateChanged, SocketStateChanged},
    python::{
        cache::PyCache,
        clock::PyClock,
        config_error_to_pyvalue_err,
        indicators::{registered_python_indicators, wrap_python_indicator},
        logging::{PyLogger, format_exception},
        order_factory::PyOrderFactory,
        wrappers::{get_python_message_bus, retain_python_wrapper},
    },
    runner::SystemChannel,
    signal::Signal,
    timer::{TimeEvent, TimeEventCallback},
};
use nautilus_core::{
    Params, UnixNanos,
    correctness::{CorrectnessResult, CorrectnessResultExt, FAILED},
    from_pydict,
    python::{to_pyruntime_err, to_pyvalue_err, upgrade_py_weakref},
};
use nautilus_model::{
    data::{
        Bar, BarType, CustomData, DataType, FundingRateUpdate, IndexPriceUpdate, InstrumentStatus,
        MarkPriceUpdate, OrderBookDelta, OrderBookDeltas, OrderBookDepth, QuoteTick, TradeTick,
        close::InstrumentClose,
        option_chain::{OptionChainSlice, OptionGreeks},
    },
    enums::{BookType, OmsType, OrderSide, PositionSide, TimeInForce},
    events::{
        OrderAccepted, OrderCancelRejected, OrderCanceled, OrderDenied, OrderEmulated,
        OrderEventAny, OrderExpired, OrderFillVoided, OrderFilled, OrderInitialized,
        OrderModifyRejected, OrderPendingCancel, OrderPendingUpdate, OrderRejected, OrderReleased,
        OrderSubmitted, OrderTriggered, OrderUpdated, PositionChanged, PositionClosed,
        PositionEvent, PositionOpened,
    },
    identifiers::{
        AccountId, ActorId, ClientId, ClientOrderId, InstrumentId, OptionSeriesId, PositionId,
        StrategyId, TraderId, UNASSIGNED_ORDER_ID_TAG, Venue, normalize_order_id_tag,
    },
    instruments::{InstrumentAny, SyntheticInstrument},
    orderbook::OrderBook,
    orders::{Order, OrderAny},
    position::Position,
    python::{
        data::option_chain::PyStrikeRange, events::order::order_event_to_pyobject,
        instruments::instrument_any_to_pyobject, orders::pyobject_to_order_any,
    },
    types::{Price, Quantity},
};
use nautilus_portfolio::{portfolio::Portfolio, python::PyPortfolio};
use pyo3::{
    IntoPyObjectExt,
    prelude::*,
    types::{PyBytes, PyDict, PyList, PyWeakrefReference},
};
use ustr::Ustr;

use crate::strategy::{
    BatchModifyOrder, ImportableStrategyConfig, Strategy, StrategyConfig, StrategyCore,
    StrategyNative, route_time_event,
};

#[pyo3::pymethods]
#[pyo3_stub_gen::derive::gen_stub_pymethods]
impl StrategyConfig {
    /// The base model for all trading strategy configurations.
    #[new]
    #[pyo3(signature = (
        strategy_id=None,
        order_id_tag=None,
        oms_type=None,
        external_order_instrument_ids=None,
        manage_contingent_orders=false,
        manage_gtd_expiry=false,
        manage_stop=false,
        market_exit_interval_ms=100,
        market_exit_max_attempts=100,
        market_exit_time_in_force=TimeInForce::Gtc,
        market_exit_reduce_only=true,
        use_uuid_client_order_ids=false,
        use_hyphens_in_client_order_ids=true,
        log_events=true,
        log_commands=true,
        log_rejected_due_post_only_as_warning=true,
        **_kwargs
    ))]
    #[expect(
        clippy::fn_params_excessive_bools,
        clippy::too_many_arguments,
        reason = "constructor mirrors the existing Python keyword API"
    )]
    fn py_new(
        strategy_id: Option<StrategyId>,
        order_id_tag: Option<String>,
        oms_type: Option<OmsType>,
        external_order_instrument_ids: Option<Vec<InstrumentId>>,
        manage_contingent_orders: bool,
        manage_gtd_expiry: bool,
        manage_stop: bool,
        market_exit_interval_ms: u64,
        market_exit_max_attempts: u64,
        market_exit_time_in_force: TimeInForce,
        market_exit_reduce_only: bool,
        use_uuid_client_order_ids: bool,
        use_hyphens_in_client_order_ids: bool,
        log_events: bool,
        log_commands: bool,
        log_rejected_due_post_only_as_warning: bool,
        _kwargs: Option<&Bound<'_, PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
        let config = Self {
            strategy_id,
            order_id_tag,
            use_uuid_client_order_ids,
            use_hyphens_in_client_order_ids,
            oms_type,
            external_order_instrument_ids,
            manage_contingent_orders,
            manage_gtd_expiry,
            manage_stop,
            market_exit_interval_ms,
            market_exit_max_attempts,
            market_exit_time_in_force,
            market_exit_reduce_only,
            log_events,
            log_commands,
            log_rejected_due_post_only_as_warning,
        };
        config.validate().map_err(config_error_to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(config)
    }

    #[getter]
    fn strategy_id(&self) -> Option<StrategyId> {
        self.strategy_id
    }

    #[getter]
    fn order_id_tag(&self) -> Option<&String> {
        self.order_id_tag.as_ref()
    }

    #[getter]
    fn oms_type(&self) -> Option<OmsType> {
        self.oms_type
    }

    #[getter]
    fn external_order_instrument_ids(&self) -> Option<Vec<InstrumentId>> {
        self.external_order_instrument_ids.clone()
    }

    #[getter]
    fn manage_contingent_orders(&self) -> bool {
        self.manage_contingent_orders
    }

    #[getter]
    fn manage_gtd_expiry(&self) -> bool {
        self.manage_gtd_expiry
    }

    #[getter]
    fn manage_stop(&self) -> bool {
        self.manage_stop
    }

    #[getter]
    fn market_exit_interval_ms(&self) -> u64 {
        self.market_exit_interval_ms
    }

    #[getter]
    fn market_exit_max_attempts(&self) -> u64 {
        self.market_exit_max_attempts
    }

    #[getter]
    fn market_exit_time_in_force(&self) -> TimeInForce {
        self.market_exit_time_in_force
    }

    #[getter]
    fn market_exit_reduce_only(&self) -> bool {
        self.market_exit_reduce_only
    }

    #[getter]
    fn use_uuid_client_order_ids(&self) -> bool {
        self.use_uuid_client_order_ids
    }

    #[getter]
    fn use_hyphens_in_client_order_ids(&self) -> bool {
        self.use_hyphens_in_client_order_ids
    }

    #[getter]
    fn log_events(&self) -> bool {
        self.log_events
    }

    #[getter]
    fn log_commands(&self) -> bool {
        self.log_commands
    }

    #[getter]
    fn log_rejected_due_post_only_as_warning(&self) -> bool {
        self.log_rejected_due_post_only_as_warning
    }
}

#[pyo3::pymethods]
#[pyo3_stub_gen::derive::gen_stub_pymethods]
impl ImportableStrategyConfig {
    /// Configuration for creating strategies from importable paths.
    #[new]
    #[expect(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    fn py_new(strategy_path: String, config_path: String, config: Py<PyDict>) -> PyResult<Self> {
        let json_config = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>> {
            let kwargs = PyDict::new(py);
            kwargs.set_item("default", py.eval(pyo3::ffi::c_str!("str"), None, None)?)?;
            let json_str: String = PyModule::import(py, "json")?
                .call_method("dumps", (config.bind(py),), Some(&kwargs))?
                .extract()?;

            let json_value: serde_json::Value =
                serde_json::from_str(&json_str).map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;

            if let serde_json::Value::Object(map) = json_value {
                Ok(map.into_iter().collect())
            } else {
                Err(to_pyvalue_err("Config must be a dictionary"))
            }
        })?;

        Ok(Self {
            strategy_path,
            config_path,
            config: json_config,
        })
    }

    #[getter]
    fn strategy_path(&self) -> &String {
        &self.strategy_path
    }

    #[getter]
    fn config_path(&self) -> &String {
        &self.config_path
    }

    #[getter]
    fn config(&self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Py<PyDict>> {
        let py_dict = PyDict::new(py);

        for (key, value) in &self.config {
            let json_str = serde_json::to_string(value).map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
            let py_value = PyModule::import(py, "json")?.call_method("loads", (json_str,), None)?;
            py_dict.set_item(key, py_value)?;
        }
        Ok(py_dict.unbind())
    }
}

/// Inner state of `PyStrategy`, shared between Python wrapper and Rust registries.
pub struct PyStrategyInner {
    core: StrategyCore,
    py_self: Option<Py<PyWeakrefReference>>,
    config: Option<Py<PyAny>>,
    clock: PyClock,
    logger: PyLogger,
}

impl Debug for PyStrategyInner {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct(stringify!(PyStrategyInner))
            .field("core", &self.core)
            .field(
                "py_self",
                &self.py_self.as_ref().map(|_| "<Py<PyWeakrefReference>>"),
            )
            .field("config", &self.config.as_ref().map(|_| "<Py<PyAny>>"))
            .field("clock", &self.clock)
            .field("logger", &self.logger)
            .finish()
    }
}

#[expect(
    clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut,
    reason = "dispatch methods share receiver shape with mutable DataActor hooks"
)]
impl PyStrategyInner {
    fn dispatch_on_start(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method0(py, "on_start"))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_stop(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method0(py, "on_stop"))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_resume(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method0(py, "on_resume"))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_reset(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method0(py, "on_reset"))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_dispose(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method0(py, "on_dispose"))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_degrade(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method0(py, "on_degrade"))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_fault(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method0(py, "on_fault"))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_save(&self) -> PyResult<IndexMap<String, Vec<u8>>> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_state = py_self.call_method0(py, "on_save")?;
                let py_state: &Bound<'_, PyDict> = py_state.cast_bound::<PyDict>(py)?;
                pydict_to_state(py_state)
            })
        } else {
            Ok(IndexMap::new())
        }
    }

    fn dispatch_on_load(&self, state: &IndexMap<String, Vec<u8>>) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
                let py_state = state_to_pydict(py, state)?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_load", (py_state,))?;
                Ok(())
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_market_exit(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method0(py, "on_market_exit"))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_post_market_exit(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method0(py, "post_market_exit"))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_time_event(&self, event: &TimeEvent) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_time_event", (event.clone().into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_initialized(&self, event: OrderInitialized) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_initialized", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_event(&self, event: OrderEventAny) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_event = order_event_to_pyobject(py, event)?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_event", (py_event,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_denied(&self, event: OrderDenied) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_denied", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_emulated(&self, event: OrderEmulated) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_emulated", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_released(&self, event: OrderReleased) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_released", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_submitted(&self, event: OrderSubmitted) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_submitted", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_rejected(&self, event: OrderRejected) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_rejected", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_accepted(&self, event: OrderAccepted) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_accepted", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_expired(&self, event: OrderExpired) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_expired", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_triggered(&self, event: OrderTriggered) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_triggered", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_pending_update(&self, event: OrderPendingUpdate) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_pending_update", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_pending_cancel(&self, event: OrderPendingCancel) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_pending_cancel", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_modify_rejected(&self, event: OrderModifyRejected) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_modify_rejected", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_cancel_rejected(&self, event: OrderCancelRejected) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_cancel_rejected", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_updated(&self, event: &OrderUpdated) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_updated", ((*event).into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_canceled(&self, event: OrderCanceled) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_canceled", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_filled(&self, event: &OrderFilled) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_order_filled", (event.clone().into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_order_fill_voided(&self, event: &OrderFillVoided) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(
                    py,
                    "on_order_fill_voided",
                    (event.clone().into_py_any(py)?,),
                )
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_position_opened(&self, event: PositionOpened) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_position_opened", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_position_event(&self, event: PositionEvent) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_event = match event {
                    PositionEvent::PositionOpened(event) => event.into_py_any(py)?,
                    PositionEvent::PositionChanged(event) => event.into_py_any(py)?,
                    PositionEvent::PositionClosed(event) => event.into_py_any(py)?,
                    PositionEvent::PositionAdjusted(event) => event.into_py_any(py)?,
                };
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_position_event", (py_event,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_position_changed(&self, event: PositionChanged) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_position_changed", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_position_closed(&self, event: PositionClosed) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_position_closed", (event.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_data(&mut self, data: Py<PyAny>) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method1(py, "on_data", (data,)))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_signal(&mut self, signal: &Signal) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_signal", (signal.clone().into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_queue_state(&mut self, event: &QueueStateChanged) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_queue_state", (event.clone().into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_socket_state(&mut self, event: &SocketStateChanged) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_socket_state", (event.clone().into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_instrument(&mut self, instrument: Py<PyAny>) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method1(py, "on_instrument", (instrument,)))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_quote(&mut self, quote: QuoteTick) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method1(py, "on_quote", (quote.into_py_any(py)?,)))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_trade(&mut self, trade: TradeTick) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method1(py, "on_trade", (trade.into_py_any(py)?,)))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_bar(&mut self, bar: Bar) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method1(py, "on_bar", (bar.into_py_any(py)?,)))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_book_deltas(&mut self, deltas: &OrderBookDeltas) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_book_deltas", (deltas.clone().into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_book_depth(&mut self, depth: &OrderBookDepth) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_book_depth", (depth.clone().into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_book(&mut self, book: &OrderBook) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_book", (book.clone().into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_mark_price(&mut self, mark_price: MarkPriceUpdate) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_mark_price", (mark_price.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_index_price(&mut self, index_price: IndexPriceUpdate) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_index_price", (index_price.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_funding_rate(&mut self, funding_rate: FundingRateUpdate) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_funding_rate", (funding_rate.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_instrument_status(&mut self, data: InstrumentStatus) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_instrument_status", (data.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_instrument_close(&mut self, update: InstrumentClose) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_instrument_close", (update.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_option_greeks(&mut self, greeks: OptionGreeks) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_option_greeks", (greeks.into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_option_chain(&mut self, slice: &OptionChainSlice) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_option_chain", (slice.clone().into_py_any(py)?,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_historical_data(&mut self, data: Py<PyAny>) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| py_self.call_method1(py, "on_historical_data", (data,)))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_historical_book_deltas(&mut self, deltas: Vec<OrderBookDelta>) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_deltas = deltas
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|delta| delta.into_py_any(py))
                    .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_historical_book_deltas", (py_deltas,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_historical_book_depth(&mut self, depths: Vec<OrderBookDepth>) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_depths = depths
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|depth| depth.into_py_any(py))
                    .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_historical_book_depth", (py_depths,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_historical_quotes(&mut self, quotes: Vec<QuoteTick>) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_quotes = quotes
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|quote| quote.into_py_any(py))
                    .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_historical_quotes", (py_quotes,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_historical_trades(&mut self, trades: Vec<TradeTick>) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_trades = trades
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|trade| trade.into_py_any(py))
                    .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_historical_trades", (py_trades,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_historical_funding_rates(
        &mut self,
        funding_rates: Vec<FundingRateUpdate>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_funding_rates = funding_rates
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|rate| rate.into_py_any(py))
                    .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_historical_funding_rates", (py_funding_rates,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_historical_bars(&mut self, bars: Vec<Bar>) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_bars = bars
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|bar| bar.into_py_any(py))
                    .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_historical_bars", (py_bars,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_historical_mark_prices(
        &mut self,
        mark_prices: Vec<MarkPriceUpdate>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_mark_prices = mark_prices
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|price| price.into_py_any(py))
                    .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_historical_mark_prices", (py_mark_prices,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispatch_on_historical_index_prices(
        &mut self,
        index_prices: Vec<IndexPriceUpdate>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        if let Some(py_self) = self.python_instance()? {
            Python::attach(|py| {
                let py_index_prices = index_prices
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|price| price.into_py_any(py))
                    .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
                py_self.call_method1(py, "on_historical_index_prices", (py_index_prices,))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    // The trader owns the wrapper for as long as the strategy stays registered, so a collected
    // wrapper propagates as an error rather than a skipped callback.
    fn python_instance(&self) -> PyResult<Option<Py<PyAny>>> {
        upgrade_py_weakref(
            self.py_self.as_ref(),
            &DataActorNative::core(&self.core).actor_id,
        )
    }
}

impl Deref for PyStrategyInner {
    type Target = DataActorCore;

    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        DataActorNative::core(&self.core)
    }
}

impl DerefMut for PyStrategyInner {
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
        DataActorNative::core_mut(&mut self.core)
    }
}

impl DataActorNative for PyStrategyInner {
    fn core(&self) -> &DataActorCore {
        DataActorNative::core(&self.core)
    }

    fn core_mut(&mut self) -> &mut DataActorCore {
        DataActorNative::core_mut(&mut self.core)
    }
}

impl StrategyNative for PyStrategyInner {
    fn strategy_core(&self) -> &StrategyCore {
        &self.core
    }

    fn strategy_core_mut(&mut self) -> &mut StrategyCore {
        &mut self.core
    }
}

impl Strategy for PyStrategyInner {
    fn external_order_instrument_ids(&self) -> Option<Vec<InstrumentId>> {
        self.core.config.external_order_instrument_ids.clone()
    }

    fn on_market_exit(&mut self) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_market_exit", self.dispatch_on_market_exit());
    }

    fn post_market_exit(&mut self) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("post_market_exit", self.dispatch_post_market_exit());
    }

    fn on_order_initialized(&mut self, event: OrderInitialized) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_order_initialized",
            self.dispatch_on_order_initialized(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_order_event(&mut self, event: OrderEventAny) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_event", self.dispatch_on_order_event(event));
    }

    fn on_order_denied(&mut self, event: OrderDenied) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_denied", self.dispatch_on_order_denied(event));
    }

    fn on_order_emulated(&mut self, event: OrderEmulated) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_emulated", self.dispatch_on_order_emulated(event));
    }

    fn on_order_released(&mut self, event: OrderReleased) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_released", self.dispatch_on_order_released(event));
    }

    fn on_order_submitted(&mut self, event: OrderSubmitted) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_order_submitted",
            self.dispatch_on_order_submitted(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_order_rejected(&mut self, event: OrderRejected) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_rejected", self.dispatch_on_order_rejected(event));
    }

    fn on_order_accepted(&mut self, event: OrderAccepted) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_accepted", self.dispatch_on_order_accepted(event));
    }

    fn on_order_expired(&mut self, event: OrderExpired) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_expired", self.dispatch_on_order_expired(event));
    }

    fn on_order_triggered(&mut self, event: OrderTriggered) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_order_triggered",
            self.dispatch_on_order_triggered(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_order_pending_update(&mut self, event: OrderPendingUpdate) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_order_pending_update",
            self.dispatch_on_order_pending_update(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_order_pending_cancel(&mut self, event: OrderPendingCancel) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_order_pending_cancel",
            self.dispatch_on_order_pending_cancel(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_order_modify_rejected(&mut self, event: OrderModifyRejected) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_order_modify_rejected",
            self.dispatch_on_order_modify_rejected(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_order_cancel_rejected(&mut self, event: OrderCancelRejected) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_order_cancel_rejected",
            self.dispatch_on_order_cancel_rejected(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_order_updated(&mut self, event: OrderUpdated) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_updated", self.dispatch_on_order_updated(&event));
    }

    fn on_order_canceled(&mut self, event: &OrderCanceled) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_canceled", self.dispatch_on_order_canceled(*event));
    }

    fn on_order_filled(&mut self, event: &OrderFilled) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_order_filled", self.dispatch_on_order_filled(event));
    }

    fn on_order_fill_voided(&mut self, event: &OrderFillVoided) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_order_fill_voided",
            self.dispatch_on_order_fill_voided(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_position_opened(&mut self, event: PositionOpened) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_position_opened",
            self.dispatch_on_position_opened(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_position_event(&mut self, event: PositionEvent) {
        self.logger
            .log_callback_error("on_position_event", self.dispatch_on_position_event(event));
    }

    fn on_position_changed(&mut self, event: PositionChanged) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_position_changed",
            self.dispatch_on_position_changed(event),
        );
    }

    fn on_position_closed(&mut self, event: PositionClosed) {
        self.logger.log_callback_error(
            "on_position_closed",
            self.dispatch_on_position_closed(event),
        );
    }
}

impl DataActor for PyStrategyInner {
    fn on_start(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        Strategy::on_start(self)?;
        self.dispatch_on_start()
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_start failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_stop(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_stop()
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_stop failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_resume(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_resume()
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_resume failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_reset(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_reset()
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_reset failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_dispose(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_dispose()
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_dispose failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_degrade(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_degrade()
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_degrade failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_fault(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_fault()
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_fault failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_save(&self) -> anyhow::Result<IndexMap<String, Vec<u8>>> {
        self.dispatch_on_save()
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_save failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_load(&mut self, state: IndexMap<String, Vec<u8>>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_load(&state)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_load failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_time_event(&mut self, event: &TimeEvent) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        route_time_event(self, event);
        self.dispatch_on_time_event(event)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_time_event failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    fn on_data(&mut self, data: &CustomData) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let py_data: Py<PyAny> = Py::new(py, data.clone())?.into_any();
            self.dispatch_on_data(py_data)
                .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_data failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
        })
    }

    fn on_signal(&mut self, signal: &Signal) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_signal(signal)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_signal failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_queue_state(&mut self, event: &QueueStateChanged) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_queue_state(event)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_queue_state failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_socket_state(&mut self, event: &SocketStateChanged) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_socket_state(event).map_err(|e| {
            anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_socket_state failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e))
        })
    }

    fn on_instrument(&mut self, instrument: &InstrumentAny) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let py_instrument = instrument_any_to_pyobject(py, instrument.clone())
                .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to convert InstrumentAny to Python: {e}"))?;
            self.dispatch_on_instrument(py_instrument).map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_instrument failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e))
            })
        })
    }

    fn on_quote(&mut self, quote: &QuoteTick) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_quote(*quote)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_quote failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_trade(&mut self, tick: &TradeTick) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_trade(*tick)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_trade failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_bar(&mut self, bar: &Bar) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_bar(*bar)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_bar failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_book_deltas(&mut self, deltas: &OrderBookDeltas) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_book_deltas(deltas)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_book_deltas failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_book_depth(&mut self, depth: &OrderBookDepth) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_book_depth(depth)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_book_depth failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_book(&mut self, order_book: &OrderBook) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_book(order_book)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_book failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_mark_price(&mut self, mark_price: &MarkPriceUpdate) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_mark_price(*mark_price)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_mark_price failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_index_price(&mut self, index_price: &IndexPriceUpdate) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_index_price(*index_price)
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_index_price failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e)))
    }

    fn on_funding_rate(&mut self, funding_rate: &FundingRateUpdate) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_funding_rate(*funding_rate).map_err(|e| {
            anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_funding_rate failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e))
        })
    }

    fn on_instrument_status(&mut self, data: &InstrumentStatus) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_instrument_status(*data).map_err(|e| {
            anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Python on_instrument_status failed:\n{}",
                format_exception(&e)
            )
        })
    }

    fn on_instrument_close(&mut self, update: &InstrumentClose) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_instrument_close(*update).map_err(|e| {
            anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Python on_instrument_close failed:\n{}",
                format_exception(&e)
            )
        })
    }

    fn on_option_greeks(&mut self, greeks: &OptionGreeks) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_option_greeks(*greeks).map_err(|e| {
            anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_option_greeks failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e))
        })
    }

    fn on_option_chain(&mut self, slice: &OptionChainSlice) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_option_chain(slice).map_err(|e| {
            anyhow::anyhow!("Python on_option_chain failed:\n{}", format_exception(&e))
        })
    }

    fn on_historical_data(&mut self, data: &dyn Any) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let py_data: Py<PyAny> = if let Some(custom_data) = data.downcast_ref::<CustomData>() {
                Py::new(py, custom_data.clone())?.into_any()
            } else if let Some(custom_data) = data.downcast_ref::<Vec<CustomData>>() {
                custom_data.clone().into_py_any(py)?
            } else {
                anyhow::bail!("Failed to convert historical data to Python: unsupported type");
            };

            self.dispatch_on_historical_data(py_data).map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Python on_historical_data failed:\n{}",
                    format_exception(&e)
                )
            })
        })
    }

    fn on_historical_book_deltas(&mut self, deltas: &[OrderBookDelta]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_historical_book_deltas(deltas.to_vec())
            .map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Python on_historical_book_deltas failed:\n{}",
                    format_exception(&e)
                )
            })
    }

    fn on_historical_book_depth(&mut self, depths: &[OrderBookDepth]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_historical_book_depth(depths.to_vec())
            .map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Python on_historical_book_depth failed:\n{}",
                    format_exception(&e)
                )
            })
    }

    fn on_historical_quotes(&mut self, quotes: &[QuoteTick]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_historical_quotes(quotes.to_vec())
            .map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Python on_historical_quotes failed:\n{}",
                    format_exception(&e)
                )
            })
    }

    fn on_historical_trades(&mut self, trades: &[TradeTick]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_historical_trades(trades.to_vec())
            .map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Python on_historical_trades failed:\n{}",
                    format_exception(&e)
                )
            })
    }

    fn on_historical_funding_rates(
        &mut self,
        funding_rates: &[FundingRateUpdate],
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_historical_funding_rates(funding_rates.to_vec())
            .map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Python on_historical_funding_rates failed:\n{}",
                    format_exception(&e)
                )
            })
    }

    fn on_historical_bars(&mut self, bars: &[Bar]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_historical_bars(bars.to_vec())
            .map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Python on_historical_bars failed:\n{}",
                    format_exception(&e)
                )
            })
    }

    fn on_historical_mark_prices(&mut self, mark_prices: &[MarkPriceUpdate]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_historical_mark_prices(mark_prices.to_vec())
            .map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Python on_historical_mark_prices failed:\n{}",
                    format_exception(&e)
                )
            })
    }

    fn on_historical_index_prices(
        &mut self,
        index_prices: &[IndexPriceUpdate],
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.dispatch_on_historical_index_prices(index_prices.to_vec())
            .map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Python on_historical_index_prices failed:\n{}",
                    format_exception(&e)
                )
            })
    }
}

fn state_to_pydict(py: Python<'_>, state: &IndexMap<String, Vec<u8>>) -> PyResult<Py<PyDict>> {
    let py_state = PyDict::new(py);
    for (key, value) in state {
        py_state.set_item(key, PyBytes::new(py, value))?;
    }
    Ok(py_state.unbind())
}

fn pydict_to_state(state: &Bound<'_, PyDict>) -> PyResult<IndexMap<String, Vec<u8>>> {
    let mut rust_state = IndexMap::with_capacity(state.len());
    for (key, value) in state.iter() {
        rust_state.insert(key.extract()?, value.extract()?);
    }
    Ok(rust_state)
}

/// Python-facing wrapper for Strategy.
#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
#[pyo3::pyclass(
    module = "nautilus_trader.trading",
    name = "Strategy",
    unsendable,
    subclass,
    weakref
)]
#[pyo3_stub_gen::derive::gen_stub_pyclass(module = "nautilus_trader.trading")]
pub struct PyStrategy {
    inner: Rc<UnsafeCell<PyStrategyInner>>,
}

impl Debug for PyStrategy {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct(stringify!(PyStrategy))
            .field("inner", &self.inner())
            .finish()
    }
}

impl PyStrategy {
    #[inline]
    #[allow(unsafe_code)]
    pub(crate) fn inner(&self) -> &PyStrategyInner {
        // SAFETY: `PyStrategy` is `unsendable` so access is single-threaded, and
        // callers never hold a mutable and shared reference simultaneously.
        unsafe { &*self.inner.get() }
    }

    #[inline]
    #[allow(unsafe_code, clippy::mut_from_ref)]
    pub(crate) fn inner_mut(&self) -> &mut PyStrategyInner {
        // SAFETY: `PyStrategy` is `unsendable` so access is single-threaded, and
        // callers never hold a mutable and shared reference simultaneously.
        unsafe { &mut *self.inner.get() }
    }
}

impl PyStrategy {
    /// Creates a new `PyStrategy` instance with correctness checking.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the configured order ID tag contains the '-' strategy ID separator,
    /// or if composing it into the strategy ID does not produce a valid `StrategyId`.
    pub fn new_checked(config: Option<StrategyConfig>) -> CorrectnessResult<Self> {
        let config = config.unwrap_or_default();
        let core = StrategyCore::new_checked(config)?;
        let clock = PyClock::new_test();
        let logger = PyLogger::new(core.actor.actor_id.as_str());

        let inner = PyStrategyInner {
            core,
            py_self: None,
            config: None,
            clock,
            logger,
        };

        Ok(Self {
            inner: Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(inner)),
        })
    }

    /// Creates a new `PyStrategy` instance.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if the configured order ID tag contains the '-' strategy ID separator,
    /// or if composing it into the strategy ID does not produce a valid `StrategyId`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new(config: Option<StrategyConfig>) -> Self {
        Self::new_checked(config).expect_display(FAILED)
    }

    /// Sets the Python instance reference for method dispatch.
    ///
    /// Only a weak reference is stored, so the caller keeps ownership of `py_obj`. The trader
    /// owns registered wrappers; an unregistered strategy stays collectable.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if `py_obj` cannot be weakly referenced.
    pub fn set_python_instance(&mut self, py_obj: &Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.inner_mut().py_self = Some(PyWeakrefReference::new(py_obj)?.unbind());
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Stores the original Python config object passed at construction.
    ///
    /// Retained so the constructed instance exposes `.config` and instance-based registration can
    /// source strategy ID, order ID tag, and logging flags from the same single config object.
    pub fn set_config(&mut self, config: Option<Py<PyAny>>) {
        self.inner_mut().config = config;
    }

    /// Updates the configured external order instrument IDs before registration.
    pub fn set_external_order_instrument_ids(
        &mut self,
        external_order_instrument_ids: Option<Vec<InstrumentId>>,
    ) {
        self.inner_mut().core.config.external_order_instrument_ids = external_order_instrument_ids;
    }

    /// Returns the configured external order instrument IDs.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn external_order_instrument_ids(&self) -> Option<Vec<InstrumentId>> {
        self.inner().external_order_instrument_ids()
    }

    /// Updates the runtime component identity used until a strategy ID is assigned.
    ///
    /// Must only be called before registration. See `PyDataActor::set_actor_id`.
    pub fn set_actor_id(&mut self, actor_id: ActorId) {
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        inner.core.actor.config.actor_id = Some(actor_id);
        inner.core.actor.actor_id = actor_id;
        inner.logger = PyLogger::new(actor_id.as_str());
    }

    /// Updates the runtime strategy ID.
    ///
    /// Must only be called before registration. See `PyDataActor::set_actor_id`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if composing the current order ID tag into `strategy_id` does not
    /// produce a valid `StrategyId`.
    pub fn set_strategy_id(&mut self, strategy_id: StrategyId) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        inner.core.change_id(strategy_id)?;
        inner.logger = PyLogger::new(inner.core.actor.actor_id.as_str());
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Updates the runtime order ID tag.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if `order_id_tag` contains the '-' strategy ID separator, or if
    /// composing it into the current strategy ID does not produce a valid `StrategyId`.
    pub fn set_order_id_tag(&mut self, order_id_tag: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        inner.core.change_order_id_tag(order_id_tag)?;
        inner.logger = PyLogger::new(inner.core.actor.actor_id.as_str());
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Updates the runtime `log_events` setting.
    pub fn set_log_events(&mut self, log_events: bool) {
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        inner.core.actor.config.log_events = log_events;
    }

    /// Updates the runtime `log_commands` setting.
    pub fn set_log_commands(&mut self, log_commands: bool) {
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        inner.core.actor.config.log_commands = log_commands;
    }

    /// Returns the strategy ID.
    ///
    /// Until registration assigns an order ID tag, an unconfigured strategy reports the
    /// class-derived ID with the unassigned tag, such as `MyStrategy-None`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn strategy_id(&self) -> StrategyId {
        StrategyId::new(self.inner().core.actor.actor_id.inner())
    }

    /// Returns the strategy ID once configured or assigned, otherwise `None`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn configured_strategy_id(&self) -> Option<StrategyId> {
        self.inner().core.strategy_id()
    }

    /// Returns the runtime order ID tag.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn order_id_tag(&self) -> Option<String> {
        self.inner().core.order_id_tag().map(str::to_string)
    }

    /// Returns a value indicating whether the strategy has been registered with a trader.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_registered(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner().core.actor.is_registered()
    }

    /// Register the strategy with a trader.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if registration fails.
    pub fn register(
        &mut self,
        trader_id: TraderId,
        clock: Rc<RefCell<dyn Clock>>,
        cache: Rc<RefCell<Cache>>,
        portfolio: Rc<RefCell<Portfolio>>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        inner.core.register(trader_id, clock, cache, portfolio)?;

        inner.clock = PyClock::from_rc(inner.core.actor.clock_rc());

        let actor_id = inner.core.actor.actor_id.inner();
        let callback = TimeEventCallback::from(move |event: TimeEvent| {
            if let Some(mut strategy) = try_get_actor_unchecked::<PyStrategyInner>(&actor_id) {
                strategy.handle_time_event(&event);
            } else {
                log::error!("Strategy {actor_id} not found for time event handling");
            }
        });

        inner.clock.inner_mut().register_default_handler(callback);

        Component::initialize(inner)
    }

    /// Registers this strategy in the global component, actor, and wrapper registries.
    ///
    /// The Python wrapper is retained as part of the same act, so a registered strategy always has
    /// an owner for the wrapper its inner only weakly references.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if no Python wrapper is attached, or if the attached wrapper has already
    /// been collected. Nothing is registered in that case.
    pub fn register_in_global_registries(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        let inner = self.inner();
        let component_id = Component::component_id(inner);
        let actor_id = Actor::id(inner);

        let Some(wrapper) = inner.python_instance()? else {
            return Err(to_pyruntime_err(format!(
                "Cannot register strategy {actor_id} without a Python wrapper, call `set_python_instance` first"
            )));
        };

        let inner_ref: Rc<UnsafeCell<PyStrategyInner>> = self.inner.clone();

        let component_trait_ref: Rc<UnsafeCell<dyn Component>> = inner_ref.clone();
        with_component_registry(|registry| {
            registry.insert(component_id.inner(), component_trait_ref);
        });

        let actor_trait_ref: Rc<UnsafeCell<dyn Actor>> = inner_ref;
        with_actor_registry(|registry| registry.insert(actor_id, actor_trait_ref));

        retain_python_wrapper(component_id, wrapper, inner.core.actor.message_bus());

        Ok(())
    }
}

#[pyo3::pymethods]
#[pyo3_stub_gen::derive::gen_stub_pymethods]
#[allow(
    clippy::large_types_passed_by_value,
    reason = "PyO3 callbacks accept Python-owned event values"
)]
impl PyStrategy {
    /// Creates a new [`PyStrategy`] instance.
    ///
    /// Accepts `None` or any Python object. If the object is a [`StrategyConfig`]
    /// (or can be extracted as one via `from_py_object`), its values are used;
    /// otherwise the strategy falls back to [`StrategyConfig::default()`].
    ///
    /// This permissive signature is required so that Python subclasses can pass
    /// a **custom** config dataclass to their `__init__`. The original object is
    /// retained here in `__new__`, which always receives the constructor arguments,
    /// so `.config` and registration see the config even when a subclass omits
    /// forwarding it to `super().__init__()`.
    #[new]
    #[pyo3(signature = (config=None))]
    fn py_new(config: Option<Py<PyAny>>) -> PyResult<Self> {
        let strategy_config = config
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|obj| Python::attach(|py| obj.extract::<StrategyConfig>(py).ok()));
        let mut strategy = Self::new_checked(strategy_config).map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        strategy.set_config(config);
        Ok(strategy)
    }

    /// Captures the Python self reference for Rust→Python event dispatch.
    #[pyo3(signature = (config=None))]
    fn __init__(slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, config: Option<Py<PyAny>>) -> PyResult<()> {
        {
            let mut borrowed = slf.borrow_mut();
            borrowed.set_python_instance(slf.as_any())?;
            // `__new__` retained the config; only a forwarded config overrides it
            if config.is_some() {
                borrowed.set_config(config);
            }
        }

        if !has_configured_strategy_id(slf) {
            let py_type = slf.get_type();
            let type_name = py_type.name()?;
            let actor_id = class_derived_actor_id(slf, type_name.to_str()?)?;
            slf.borrow_mut().set_actor_id(actor_id);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[getter]
    #[pyo3(name = "trader_id")]
    fn py_trader_id(&self) -> Option<TraderId> {
        self.inner().core.trader_id()
    }

    #[getter]
    #[pyo3(name = "strategy_id")]
    fn py_strategy_id(&self) -> StrategyId {
        self.strategy_id()
    }

    #[getter]
    #[pyo3(name = "config")]
    fn py_config(&self, py: Python<'_>) -> Option<Py<PyAny>> {
        self.inner()
            .config
            .as_ref()
            .map(|config| config.clone_ref(py))
    }

    #[getter]
    #[pyo3(name = "clock")]
    fn py_clock(&self) -> PyResult<PyClock> {
        let inner = self.inner();
        if inner.core.actor.is_registered() {
            Ok(inner.clock.clone())
        } else {
            Err(to_pyruntime_err(
                "Strategy must be registered with a trader before accessing clock",
            ))
        }
    }

    #[getter]
    #[pyo3(name = "cache")]
    fn py_cache(&self) -> PyResult<PyCache> {
        let inner = self.inner();
        if inner.core.actor.is_registered() {
            Ok(PyCache::from_rc(inner.core.actor.cache_rc()))
        } else {
            Err(to_pyruntime_err(
                "Strategy must be registered with a trader before accessing cache",
            ))
        }
    }

    /// Replaces this strategy's active external order claims with `instrument_ids`.
    ///
    /// Passing an empty list releases every claim owned by the strategy. Existing cached orders
    /// keep their assigned strategy ID. The original Python config object is not changed.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the strategy is not registered, the cache is already borrowed, an
    /// instrument is repeated, or an instrument is claimed by another strategy.
    #[pyo3(name = "set_external_order_instrument_ids")]
    fn py_set_external_order_instrument_ids(
        &mut self,
        instrument_ids: Vec<InstrumentId>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        Strategy::set_external_order_instrument_ids(self.inner_mut(), instrument_ids)
            .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[getter]
    #[pyo3(name = "portfolio")]
    fn py_portfolio(&self) -> PyResult<PyPortfolio> {
        let inner = self.inner();
        if inner.core.actor.is_registered() {
            Ok(PyPortfolio::from_rc(inner.portfolio_rc()))
        } else {
            Err(to_pyruntime_err(
                "Strategy must be registered with a trader before accessing portfolio",
            ))
        }
    }

    #[getter]
    #[pyo3(name = "order_factory")]
    fn py_order_factory(&self) -> PyResult<PyOrderFactory> {
        let inner = self.inner();
        if inner.core.actor.is_registered() {
            Ok(PyOrderFactory::from_rc(inner.order_factory_rc()))
        } else {
            Err(to_pyruntime_err(
                "Strategy must be registered with a trader before accessing order_factory",
            ))
        }
    }

    #[getter]
    #[pyo3(name = "log")]
    fn py_log(&self) -> PyLogger {
        self.inner().logger.clone()
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "state")]
    fn py_state(&self) -> ComponentState {
        self.inner().core.actor.state()
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "is_ready")]
    fn py_is_ready(&self) -> bool {
        Component::is_ready(self.inner())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "is_running")]
    fn py_is_running(&self) -> bool {
        Component::is_running(self.inner())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "is_stopped")]
    fn py_is_stopped(&self) -> bool {
        Component::is_stopped(self.inner())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "is_disposed")]
    fn py_is_disposed(&self) -> bool {
        Component::is_disposed(self.inner())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "is_degraded")]
    fn py_is_degraded(&self) -> bool {
        Component::is_degraded(self.inner())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "is_faulted")]
    fn py_is_faulted(&self) -> bool {
        Component::is_faulted(self.inner())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "start")]
    fn py_start(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
        Component::start(self.inner_mut()).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "stop")]
    fn py_stop(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        if Strategy::stop(inner) {
            Component::stop(inner).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "market_exit")]
    fn py_market_exit(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
        Strategy::market_exit(self.inner_mut()).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "is_exiting")]
    fn py_is_exiting(&self) -> bool {
        Strategy::is_exiting(self.inner())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "save")]
    fn py_save(&self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Py<PyDict>> {
        let state = DataActor::on_save(self.inner()).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)?;
        state_to_pydict(py, &state)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "load")]
    fn py_load(&mut self, state: &Bound<'_, PyDict>) -> PyResult<()> {
        let state = pydict_to_state(state)?;
        DataActor::on_load(self.inner_mut(), state).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "publish_data")]
    fn py_publish_data(&self, data_type: &DataType, data: &CustomData) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        DataActor::publish_data(self.inner(), data_type, data);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "publish_signal")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (name, value, ts_event=0))]
    #[expect(
        clippy::needless_pass_by_value,
        reason = "PyO3 accepts an owned PyAny handle for Python signal values"
    )]
    fn py_publish_signal(
        &self,
        py: Python<'_>,
        name: &str,
        value: Py<PyAny>,
        ts_event: u64,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let value_str: String = value.bind(py).str()?.extract()?;
        DataActor::publish_signal(self.inner(), name, value_str, UnixNanos::from(ts_event));
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "add_synthetic")]
    fn py_add_synthetic(&self, synthetic: SyntheticInstrument) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        DataActor::add_synthetic(self.inner(), synthetic).map_err(to_pyvalue_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "update_synthetic")]
    fn py_update_synthetic(&self, synthetic: SyntheticInstrument) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        DataActor::update_synthetic(self.inner(), synthetic).map_err(to_pyvalue_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "resume")]
    fn py_resume(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
        Component::resume(self.inner_mut()).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "reset")]
    fn py_reset(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
        Component::reset(self.inner_mut()).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "dispose")]
    fn py_dispose(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
        Component::dispose(self.inner_mut()).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "degrade")]
    fn py_degrade(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
        Component::degrade(self.inner_mut()).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "fault")]
    fn py_fault(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
        Component::fault(self.inner_mut()).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "shutdown_system")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (reason=None))]
    fn py_shutdown_system(&self, reason: Option<String>) -> PyResult<()> {
        let inner = self.inner();
        if !inner.core.actor.is_registered() {
            return Err(to_pyruntime_err(
                "Strategy must be registered with a trader before shutting down the system",
            ));
        }

        DataActor::shutdown_system(inner, reason);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[getter]
    #[pyo3(name = "registered_indicators")]
    fn py_registered_indicators(&self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Py<PyList>> {
        let inner = self.inner();
        registered_python_indicators(
            py,
            DataActorNative::core(&inner.core).registered_indicators(),
        )
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "indicators_initialized")]
    fn py_indicators_initialized(&self, _py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<bool> {
        let inner = self.inner();
        DataActorNative::core(&inner.core)
            .indicators_initialized()
            .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "register_indicator_for_quote_ticks")]
    fn py_register_indicator_for_quote_ticks(
        &mut self,
        py: Python<'_>,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        indicator: Py<PyAny>,
    ) {
        let indicator = wrap_python_indicator(py, indicator);
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        DataActorNative::core_mut(&mut inner.core)
            .register_indicator_for_quote_ticks(instrument_id, indicator);
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "register_indicator_for_trade_ticks")]
    fn py_register_indicator_for_trade_ticks(
        &mut self,
        py: Python<'_>,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        indicator: Py<PyAny>,
    ) {
        let indicator = wrap_python_indicator(py, indicator);
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        DataActorNative::core_mut(&mut inner.core)
            .register_indicator_for_trade_ticks(instrument_id, indicator);
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "register_indicator_for_bars")]
    fn py_register_indicator_for_bars(
        &mut self,
        py: Python<'_>,
        bar_type: BarType,
        indicator: Py<PyAny>,
    ) {
        let indicator = wrap_python_indicator(py, indicator);
        let inner = self.inner_mut();
        DataActorNative::core_mut(&mut inner.core).register_indicator_for_bars(bar_type, indicator);
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "submit_order")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (order, position_id=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_submit_order(
        &mut self,
        py: Python<'_>,
        order: Py<PyAny>,
        position_id: Option<PositionId>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let order = pyobject_to_order_any(py, order)?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let inner = self.inner_mut();

        Strategy::submit_order(inner, order, position_id, client_id, params_map)
            .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "submit_order_list")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (order_list, position_id=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    #[expect(
        clippy::needless_pass_by_value,
        reason = "PyO3 owns extracted method arguments before Rust conversion"
    )]
    fn py_submit_order_list(
        &mut self,
        py: Python<'_>,
        order_list: Py<PyAny>,
        position_id: Option<PositionId>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let orders = py_order_list_to_orders(py, &order_list)?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let inner = self.inner_mut();

        Strategy::submit_order_list(inner, orders, position_id, client_id, params_map)
            .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "modify_order")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (client_order_id, quantity=None, price=None, trigger_price=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_modify_order(
        &mut self,
        client_order_id: ClientOrderId,
        quantity: Option<Quantity>,
        price: Option<Price>,
        trigger_price: Option<Price>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let inner = self.inner_mut();

        Strategy::modify_order(
            inner,
            client_order_id,
            quantity,
            price,
            trigger_price,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "modify_orders")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (updates, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_modify_orders(
        &mut self,
        updates: Vec<BatchModifyOrder>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;

        Strategy::modify_orders(self.inner_mut(), updates, client_id, params_map)
            .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "cancel_order")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (client_order_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_cancel_order(
        &mut self,
        client_order_id: ClientOrderId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let inner = self.inner_mut();

        Strategy::cancel_order(inner, client_order_id, client_id, params_map)
            .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    /// Cancels the managed GTD expiry for the given order.
    #[pyo3(name = "cancel_gtd_expiry")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (order))]
    fn py_cancel_gtd_expiry(&mut self, py: Python<'_>, order: Py<PyAny>) -> PyResult<()> {
        let order = pyobject_to_order_any(py, order)?;

        Strategy::cancel_gtd_expiry(self.inner_mut(), &order.client_order_id());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "cancel_orders")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (client_order_ids, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_cancel_orders(
        &mut self,
        client_order_ids: Vec<ClientOrderId>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;

        Strategy::cancel_orders(self.inner_mut(), client_order_ids, client_id, params_map)
            .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "cancel_all_orders")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, order_side=None, client_id=None, strategy_only=true, params=None))]
    fn py_cancel_all_orders(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        order_side: Option<OrderSide>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        strategy_only: bool,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        Strategy::cancel_all_orders(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            order_side,
            client_id,
            strategy_only,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "close_position")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (position, client_id=None, tags=None, time_in_force=None, reduce_only=None, quote_quantity=None, params=None))]
    #[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn py_close_position(
        &mut self,
        position: &Position,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        tags: Option<Vec<String>>,
        time_in_force: Option<TimeInForce>,
        reduce_only: Option<bool>,
        quote_quantity: Option<bool>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let tags = tags.map(|t| t.into_iter().map(|s| Ustr::from(&s)).collect());
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        Strategy::close_position(
            self.inner_mut(),
            position,
            client_id,
            tags,
            time_in_force,
            reduce_only,
            quote_quantity,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "close_all_positions")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, position_side=None, client_id=None, tags=None, time_in_force=None, reduce_only=None, quote_quantity=None, params=None))]
    #[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn py_close_all_positions(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        position_side: Option<PositionSide>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        tags: Option<Vec<String>>,
        time_in_force: Option<TimeInForce>,
        reduce_only: Option<bool>,
        quote_quantity: Option<bool>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let tags = tags.map(|t| t.into_iter().map(|s| Ustr::from(&s)).collect());
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        Strategy::close_all_positions(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            position_side,
            client_id,
            tags,
            time_in_force,
            reduce_only,
            quote_quantity,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "query_account")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (account_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_query_account(
        &mut self,
        py: Python<'_>,
        account_id: AccountId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let params_map = match params {
            Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict)?,
            None => None,
        };
        Strategy::query_account(self.inner_mut(), account_id, client_id, params_map)
            .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "query_order")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (order, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_query_order(
        &mut self,
        py: Python<'_>,
        order: Py<PyAny>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let order = pyobject_to_order_any(py, order)?;
        let params_map = match params {
            Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict)?,
            None => None,
        };
        Strategy::query_order(self.inner_mut(), &order, client_id, params_map)
            .map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "on_start")]
    fn py_on_start(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>) {}

    #[pyo3(name = "on_stop")]
    fn py_on_stop(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>) {}

    #[pyo3(name = "on_resume")]
    fn py_on_resume(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>) {}

    #[pyo3(name = "on_reset")]
    fn py_on_reset(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>) {}

    #[pyo3(name = "on_dispose")]
    fn py_on_dispose(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>) {}

    #[pyo3(name = "on_degrade")]
    fn py_on_degrade(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>) {}

    #[pyo3(name = "on_fault")]
    fn py_on_fault(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>) {}

    #[pyo3(name = "on_save")]
    fn py_on_save(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, py: Python<'_>) -> Py<PyDict> {
        PyDict::new(py).unbind()
    }

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_load")]
    fn py_on_load(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, state: &Bound<'_, PyDict>) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_time_event")]
    fn py_on_time_event(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: TimeEvent) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_data")]
    fn py_on_data(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, data: Py<PyAny>) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_signal")]
    fn py_on_signal(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, signal: &Signal) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_queue_state")]
    fn py_on_queue_state(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: QueueStateChanged) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_socket_state")]
    fn py_on_socket_state(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: SocketStateChanged) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_instrument")]
    fn py_on_instrument(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, instrument: Py<PyAny>) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_quote")]
    fn py_on_quote(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, quote: QuoteTick) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_trade")]
    fn py_on_trade(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, trade: TradeTick) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_bar")]
    fn py_on_bar(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, bar: Bar) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_book_deltas")]
    fn py_on_book_deltas(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, deltas: OrderBookDeltas) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_book_depth")]
    fn py_on_book_depth(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, depth: &OrderBookDepth) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_book")]
    fn py_on_book(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, book: &OrderBook) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_mark_price")]
    fn py_on_mark_price(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, mark_price: MarkPriceUpdate) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_index_price")]
    fn py_on_index_price(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, index_price: IndexPriceUpdate) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_funding_rate")]
    fn py_on_funding_rate(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, funding_rate: FundingRateUpdate) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_instrument_status")]
    fn py_on_instrument_status(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, status: InstrumentStatus) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_instrument_close")]
    fn py_on_instrument_close(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, close: InstrumentClose) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_option_greeks")]
    fn py_on_option_greeks(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, greeks: OptionGreeks) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_option_chain")]
    fn py_on_option_chain(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, slice: OptionChainSlice) {}

    #[pyo3(name = "on_market_exit")]
    fn py_on_market_exit(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>) {}

    #[pyo3(name = "post_market_exit")]
    fn py_post_market_exit(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_initialized")]
    fn py_on_order_initialized(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderInitialized) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_event")]
    fn py_on_order_event(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: Py<PyAny>) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_denied")]
    fn py_on_order_denied(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderDenied) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_emulated")]
    fn py_on_order_emulated(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderEmulated) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_released")]
    fn py_on_order_released(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderReleased) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_submitted")]
    fn py_on_order_submitted(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderSubmitted) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_rejected")]
    fn py_on_order_rejected(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderRejected) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_accepted")]
    fn py_on_order_accepted(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderAccepted) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_expired")]
    fn py_on_order_expired(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderExpired) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_triggered")]
    fn py_on_order_triggered(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderTriggered) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_pending_update")]
    fn py_on_order_pending_update(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderPendingUpdate) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_pending_cancel")]
    fn py_on_order_pending_cancel(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderPendingCancel) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_modify_rejected")]
    fn py_on_order_modify_rejected(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderModifyRejected) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_cancel_rejected")]
    fn py_on_order_cancel_rejected(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderCancelRejected) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_updated")]
    fn py_on_order_updated(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderUpdated) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_canceled")]
    fn py_on_order_canceled(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderCanceled) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_filled")]
    fn py_on_order_filled(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderFilled) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_order_fill_voided")]
    fn py_on_order_fill_voided(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: OrderFillVoided) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_position_opened")]
    fn py_on_position_opened(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: PositionOpened) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_position_event")]
    fn py_on_position_event(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: Py<PyAny>) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_position_changed")]
    fn py_on_position_changed(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: PositionChanged) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_position_closed")]
    fn py_on_position_closed(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, event: PositionClosed) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_historical_data")]
    fn py_on_historical_data(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, data: Py<PyAny>) {
        // Default implementation - can be overridden in Python subclasses
    }

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_historical_book_deltas")]
    fn py_on_historical_book_deltas(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, deltas: Vec<OrderBookDelta>) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_historical_book_depth")]
    fn py_on_historical_book_depth(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, depths: Vec<OrderBookDepth>) {}

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_historical_quotes")]
    fn py_on_historical_quotes(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, quotes: Vec<QuoteTick>) {
        // Default implementation - can be overridden in Python subclasses
    }

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_historical_trades")]
    fn py_on_historical_trades(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, trades: Vec<TradeTick>) {
        // Default implementation - can be overridden in Python subclasses
    }

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_historical_funding_rates")]
    fn py_on_historical_funding_rates(
        _slf: &Bound<'_, Self>,
        funding_rates: Vec<FundingRateUpdate>,
    ) {
        // Default implementation - can be overridden in Python subclasses
    }

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_historical_bars")]
    fn py_on_historical_bars(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, bars: Vec<Bar>) {
        // Default implementation - can be overridden in Python subclasses
    }

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_historical_mark_prices")]
    fn py_on_historical_mark_prices(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, mark_prices: Vec<MarkPriceUpdate>) {
        // Default implementation - can be overridden in Python subclasses
    }

    #[allow(unused_variables, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
    #[pyo3(name = "on_historical_index_prices")]
    fn py_on_historical_index_prices(_slf: &Bound<'_, Self>, index_prices: Vec<IndexPriceUpdate>) {
        // Default implementation - can be overridden in Python subclasses
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_data")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (data_type, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_data(
        &mut self,
        data_type: DataType,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_data(self.inner_mut(), data_type, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_signal")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (name="", priority=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_signal(&mut self, name: &str, priority: Option<u32>) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        DataActor::subscribe_signal(self.inner_mut(), name, priority);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_queue_state")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (channel=None, priority=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_queue_state(
        &mut self,
        channel: Option<SystemChannel>,
        priority: Option<u32>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        DataActor::subscribe_queue_state(self.inner_mut(), channel, priority);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_socket_state")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (client_id=None, endpoint=None, priority=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_socket_state(
        &mut self,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        endpoint: Option<&str>,
        priority: Option<u32>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        DataActor::subscribe_socket_state(self.inner_mut(), client_id, endpoint, priority);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_instruments")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (venue, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_instruments(
        &mut self,
        venue: Venue,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_instruments(self.inner_mut(), venue, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_instrument")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_instrument(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_instrument(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_book_deltas")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, book_type, depth=None, client_id=None, managed=false, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_book_deltas(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        book_type: BookType,
        depth: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        managed: bool,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let depth = depth.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        DataActor::subscribe_book_deltas(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            book_type,
            depth,
            client_id,
            managed,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_book_depth")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, book_type, depth=None, client_id=None, managed=false, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_book_depth(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        book_type: BookType,
        depth: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        managed: bool,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;

        let depth = depth
            .map(|value| {
                NonZeroUsize::new(value).ok_or_else(|| to_pyvalue_err("depth must be positive"))
            })
            .transpose()?;

        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_book_depth(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            book_type,
            depth,
            client_id,
            managed,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_book_at_interval")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, book_type, interval_ms, depth=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_book_at_interval(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        book_type: BookType,
        interval_ms: usize,
        depth: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let interval_ms = NonZeroUsize::new(interval_ms)
            .ok_or_else(|| to_pyvalue_err("interval_ms must be > 0"))?;

        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let depth = depth.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        DataActor::subscribe_book_at_interval(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            book_type,
            depth,
            interval_ms,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_quotes")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_quotes(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_quotes(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_trades")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_trades(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_trades(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_bars")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (bar_type, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_bars(
        &mut self,
        bar_type: BarType,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_bars(self.inner_mut(), bar_type, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_mark_prices")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_mark_prices(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_mark_prices(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_index_prices")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_index_prices(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_index_prices(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_funding_rates")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_funding_rates(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_funding_rates(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_option_greeks")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_option_greeks(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_option_greeks(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_instrument_status")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_instrument_status(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_instrument_status(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_instrument_close")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_instrument_close(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::subscribe_instrument_close(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_option_chain")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (series_id, strike_range, snapshot_interval_ms=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_subscribe_option_chain(
        &mut self,
        py: Python<'_>,
        series_id: OptionSeriesId,
        strike_range: PyStrikeRange,
        snapshot_interval_ms: Option<u64>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = match params {
            Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict)?,
            None => None,
        };
        DataActor::subscribe_option_chain(
            self.inner_mut(),
            series_id,
            strike_range.inner,
            snapshot_interval_ms,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_data")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (data_type, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_data(
        &mut self,
        data_type: DataType,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_data(self.inner_mut(), data_type, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_signal")]
    fn py_unsubscribe_signal(&mut self, name: &str) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_signal(self.inner_mut(), name);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_queue_state")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (channel=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_queue_state(&mut self, channel: Option<SystemChannel>) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_queue_state(self.inner_mut(), channel);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_socket_state")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (client_id=None, endpoint=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_socket_state(
        &mut self,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        endpoint: Option<&str>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_socket_state(self.inner_mut(), client_id, endpoint);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_instruments")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (venue, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_instruments(
        &mut self,
        venue: Venue,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_instruments(self.inner_mut(), venue, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_instrument")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_instrument(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_instrument(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_book_deltas")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_book_deltas(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_book_deltas(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_book_depth")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_book_depth(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_book_depth(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_book_at_interval")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, interval_ms, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_book_at_interval(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        interval_ms: usize,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let interval_ms = NonZeroUsize::new(interval_ms)
            .ok_or_else(|| to_pyvalue_err("interval_ms must be > 0"))?;

        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_book_at_interval(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            interval_ms,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_quotes")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_quotes(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_quotes(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_trades")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_trades(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_trades(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_bars")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (bar_type, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_bars(
        &mut self,
        bar_type: BarType,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_bars(self.inner_mut(), bar_type, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_mark_prices")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_mark_prices(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_mark_prices(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_index_prices")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_index_prices(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_index_prices(self.inner_mut(), instrument_id, client_id, params_map);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_funding_rates")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_funding_rates(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_funding_rates(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_option_greeks")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_option_greeks(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_option_greeks(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_instrument_status")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_instrument_status(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_instrument_status(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_instrument_close")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_instrument_close(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_instrument_close(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_option_chain")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (series_id, client_id=None))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_option_chain(
        &mut self,
        series_id: OptionSeriesId,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        self.ensure_registered()?;
        DataActor::unsubscribe_option_chain(self.inner_mut(), series_id, client_id);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_data")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (data_type, client_id, start=None, end=None, limit=None, params=None))]
    fn py_request_data(
        &mut self,
        data_type: DataType,
        client_id: ClientId,
        start: Option<Timestamp>,
        end: Option<Timestamp>,
        limit: Option<usize>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let limit = limit.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        let request_id = DataActor::request_data(
            self.inner_mut(),
            data_type,
            client_id,
            start,
            end,
            limit,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_instrument")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, start=None, end=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_request_instrument(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        start: Option<Timestamp>,
        end: Option<Timestamp>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let request_id = DataActor::request_instrument(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            start,
            end,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_instruments")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (venue=None, start=None, end=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_request_instruments(
        &mut self,
        venue: Option<Venue>,
        start: Option<Timestamp>,
        end: Option<Timestamp>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let request_id = DataActor::request_instruments(
            self.inner_mut(),
            venue,
            start,
            end,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_book_snapshot")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, depth=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_request_book_snapshot(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        depth: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let depth = depth.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);

        let request_id = DataActor::request_book_snapshot(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            depth,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_book_deltas")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, start=None, end=None, limit=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_request_book_deltas(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        start: Option<Timestamp>,
        end: Option<Timestamp>,
        limit: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let limit = limit.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        let request_id = DataActor::request_book_deltas(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            start,
            end,
            limit,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_book_depth")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, start=None, end=None, limit=None, depth=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    #[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn py_request_book_depth(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        start: Option<Timestamp>,
        end: Option<Timestamp>,
        limit: Option<usize>,
        depth: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let limit = limit.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        let depth = depth.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        let request_id = DataActor::request_book_depth(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            start,
            end,
            limit,
            depth,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_quotes")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, start=None, end=None, limit=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_request_quotes(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        start: Option<Timestamp>,
        end: Option<Timestamp>,
        limit: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let limit = limit.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        let request_id = DataActor::request_quotes(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            start,
            end,
            limit,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_trades")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, start=None, end=None, limit=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_request_trades(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        start: Option<Timestamp>,
        end: Option<Timestamp>,
        limit: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let limit = limit.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        let request_id = DataActor::request_trades(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            start,
            end,
            limit,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_funding_rates")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (instrument_id, start=None, end=None, limit=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_request_funding_rates(
        &mut self,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        start: Option<Timestamp>,
        end: Option<Timestamp>,
        limit: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let limit = limit.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        let request_id = DataActor::request_funding_rates(
            self.inner_mut(),
            instrument_id,
            start,
            end,
            limit,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "request_bars")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (bar_type, start=None, end=None, limit=None, client_id=None, params=None))]
    fn py_request_bars(
        &mut self,
        bar_type: BarType,
        start: Option<Timestamp>,
        end: Option<Timestamp>,
        limit: Option<usize>,
        client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        params: Option<Py<PyDict>>,
    ) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.ensure_registered_for_data()?;
        let params_map = Python::attach(|py| -> PyResult<Option<Params>> {
            match params {
                Some(dict) => from_pydict(py, &dict),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        })?;
        let limit = limit.and_then(NonZeroUsize::new);
        let request_id = DataActor::request_bars(
            self.inner_mut(),
            bar_type,
            start,
            end,
            limit,
            client_id,
            params_map,
        )
        .map_err(to_pyvalue_err)?;
        Ok(request_id.to_string())
    }

    /// Requests reconnect of one socket endpoint owned by `client_id`.
    #[pyo3(name = "reconnect_socket")]
    fn py_reconnect_socket(&self, client_id: ClientId, endpoint: &str) -> PyResult<()> {
        DataActor::reconnect_socket(self.inner(), client_id, endpoint).map_err(to_pyruntime_err)
    }
}

#[pyo3_stub_gen::derive::gen_stub_pymethods]
#[pyo3::pymethods]
impl PyStrategy {
    #[pyo3(name = "publish_message", signature = (topic, message))]
    fn py_publish_message(
        slf: &Bound<'_, Self>,
        topic: &str,
        #[gen_stub(override_type(type_repr = "object"))] message: Py<PyAny>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let messages = get_python_message_bus(slf.as_any())?;
        messages.publish_message(topic, message)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "subscribe_topic")]
    #[pyo3(signature = (topic, handler, priority=0))]
    fn py_subscribe_topic(
        slf: &Bound<'_, Self>,
        topic: &str,
        #[gen_stub(override_type(type_repr = "collections.abc.Callable[[object], None]", imports = ("collections.abc",)))]
        handler: Py<PyAny>,
        priority: u32,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let messages = get_python_message_bus(slf.as_any())?;
        messages.subscribe_topic(slf.py(), topic, handler, priority)
    }

    #[pyo3(name = "unsubscribe_topic", signature = (topic, handler))]
    fn py_unsubscribe_topic(
        slf: &Bound<'_, Self>,
        topic: &str,
        #[gen_stub(override_type(type_repr = "collections.abc.Callable[[object], None]", imports = ("collections.abc",)))]
        handler: &Bound<'_, PyAny>,
    ) -> PyResult<()> {
        let messages = get_python_message_bus(slf.as_any())?;
        messages.unsubscribe_topic(topic, handler)
    }
}

impl PyStrategy {
    fn ensure_registered_for_data(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if self.inner().core.actor.is_registered() {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(to_pyruntime_err(
                "Strategy must be registered before publishing, managing synthetics, or requesting data",
            ))
        }
    }

    fn ensure_registered(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
        if self.inner().core.actor.is_registered() {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(to_pyruntime_err(
                "Strategy must be registered before managing subscriptions",
            ))
        }
    }
}

/// Returns the class-derived component identity, `<ClassName>-<order ID tag>`.
///
/// The ID must remain a valid [`StrategyId`], so a strategy without a configured order ID tag
/// takes the unassigned tag until registration assigns the next one.
fn class_derived_actor_id(slf: &Bound<'_, PyStrategy>, class_name: &str) -> PyResult<ActorId> {
    let borrowed = slf.borrow();
    let order_id_tag = normalize_order_id_tag(borrowed.inner().core.order_id_tag())
        .unwrap_or(UNASSIGNED_ORDER_ID_TAG);

    ActorId::new_checked(format!("{class_name}-{order_id_tag}")).map_err(to_pyvalue_err)
}

/// Returns whether the config retained by the strategy supplies a strategy ID.
///
/// The config is read through Python rather than the extracted [`StrategyConfig`] so that a
/// custom subclass config which cannot be extracted still counts as configuring an ID. The
/// strategy borrow is released before the attribute lookup, which can run user code.
fn has_configured_strategy_id(slf: &Bound<'_, PyStrategy>) -> bool {
    let py = slf.py();
    let config = slf
        .borrow()
        .inner()
        .config
        .as_ref()
        .map(|config| config.clone_ref(py));

    config.is_some_and(|config| {
        config
            .bind(py)
            .getattr("strategy_id")
            .is_ok_and(|strategy_id| !strategy_id.is_none())
    })
}

fn py_order_list_to_orders(py: Python<'_>, order_list: &Py<PyAny>) -> PyResult<Vec<OrderAny>> {
    let order_objects = match order_list.getattr(py, "orders") {
        Ok(orders) => orders.extract::<Vec<Py<PyAny>>>(py)?,
        Err(e) if e.is_instance_of::<pyo3::exceptions::PyAttributeError>(py) => {
            order_list.extract::<Vec<Py<PyAny>>>(py)?
        }
        Err(e) => return Err(e),
    };

    order_objects
        .into_iter()
        .map(|order| pyobject_to_order_any(py, order))
        .collect()
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::{
        cell::RefCell,
        collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap},
        num::NonZeroUsize,
        rc::Rc,
        str::FromStr,
    };

    use indexmap::IndexMap;
    use nautilus_common::{
        actor::{DataActor, DataActorNative, registry::actor_exists},
        cache::Cache,
        clock::{Clock, VirtualClock},
        component::{Component, get_component},
        enums::ComponentState,
        live::runner::replace_system_command_sender,
        logging::{
            arm_shutdown_on_error, disarm_shutdown_on_error, init_logging,
            take_shutdown_on_error_trigger,
        },
        messages::{
            SystemCommand,
            data::{
                BarsResponse, DataCommand, QuotesResponse, SubscribeCommand, TradesResponse,
                UnsubscribeCommand,
            },
            execution::TradingCommand,
            system::{
                QueueCondition, QueueState, QueueStateChanged, SocketState, SocketStateChanged,
            },
        },
        msgbus::{
            self, MessagingSwitchboard,
            stubs::{TypedIntoMessageSavingHandler, get_typed_into_message_saving_handler},
        },
        python::{cache::PyCache, wrappers::get_python_wrapper},
        runner::SystemChannel,
        signal::Signal,
        timer::TimeEvent,
    };
    use nautilus_core::{DurationNanos, UUID4, UnixNanos};
    use nautilus_model::{
        data::{
            Bar, BarType, CustomData, FundingRateUpdate, IndexPriceUpdate, InstrumentStatus,
            MarkPriceUpdate, OrderBookDelta, OrderBookDeltas, OrderBookDepth, QuoteTick, TradeTick,
            close::InstrumentClose,
            greeks::OptionGreekValues,
            option_chain::{OptionChainSlice, OptionGreeks},
            stubs::{stub_custom_data, stub_deltas, stub_depth10},
        },
        enums::{
            AggressorSide, BookType, GreeksConvention, InstrumentCloseType, MarketStatusAction,
            OmsType, OrderSide, OrderStatus, OrderType, PositionSide, TimeInForce,
        },
        events::{
            OrderAccepted, OrderCancelRejected, OrderCanceled, OrderDenied, OrderEmulated,
            OrderEventAny, OrderExpired, OrderInitialized, OrderModifyRejected, OrderPendingCancel,
            OrderPendingUpdate, OrderRejected, OrderReleased, OrderSubmitted, OrderTriggered,
            OrderUpdated, PositionChanged, PositionClosed, PositionEvent, PositionOpened,
            order::spec::{OrderFillVoidedSpec, OrderFilledSpec},
        },
        identifiers::{
            AccountId, ClientId, ClientOrderId, ComponentId, InstrumentId, OptionSeriesId,
            OrderListId, PositionId, StrategyId, TradeId, TraderId, Venue,
        },
        instruments::{CurrencyPair, InstrumentAny, stubs::audusd_sim},
        orderbook::OrderBook,
        orders::{Order, OrderTestBuilder},
        position::Position,
        python::orders::order_any_to_pyobject,
        types::{Currency, Money, Price, Quantity},
    };
    use nautilus_portfolio::portfolio::Portfolio;
    use pyo3::{
        Bound, IntoPyObjectExt, Py, PyAny, PyResult, Python,
        ffi::c_str,
        types::{PyAnyMethods, PyBytes, PyDict, PyList, PyWeakrefMethods, PyWeakrefReference},
    };
    use serde_json::Value;
    use ustr::Ustr;

    use super::PyStrategy;
    use crate::strategy::{Strategy, StrategyConfig};

    const TRACKING_STRATEGY_CODE: &std::ffi::CStr = c_str!(
        r#"
class TrackingStrategy:
    TRACKED_METHODS = {
        "on_start",
        "on_stop",
        "on_resume",
        "on_reset",
        "on_dispose",
        "on_degrade",
        "on_fault",
        "on_save",
        "on_load",
        "on_time_event",
        "on_data",
        "on_signal",
        "on_queue_state",
        "on_socket_state",
        "on_instrument",
        "on_quote",
        "on_trade",
        "on_bar",
        "on_book_deltas",
        "on_book_depth",
        "on_book",
        "on_mark_price",
        "on_index_price",
        "on_funding_rate",
        "on_instrument_status",
        "on_instrument_close",
        "on_option_greeks",
        "on_option_chain",
        "on_historical_data",
        "on_historical_book_deltas",
        "on_historical_book_depth",
        "on_historical_quotes",
        "on_historical_trades",
        "on_historical_funding_rates",
        "on_historical_bars",
        "on_historical_mark_prices",
        "on_historical_index_prices",
        "on_market_exit",
        "post_market_exit",
        "on_order_initialized",
        "on_order_event",
        "on_order_denied",
        "on_order_emulated",
        "on_order_released",
        "on_order_submitted",
        "on_order_rejected",
        "on_order_accepted",
        "on_order_expired",
        "on_order_triggered",
        "on_order_pending_update",
        "on_order_pending_cancel",
        "on_order_modify_rejected",
        "on_order_cancel_rejected",
        "on_order_updated",
        "on_order_canceled",
        "on_order_filled",
        "on_order_fill_voided",
        "on_position_opened",
        "on_position_event",
        "on_position_changed",
        "on_position_closed",
    }

    def __init__(self):
        self.calls = []
        self.raise_on = None

    def _record(self, method_name, *args):
        self.calls.append((method_name, args))
        if self.raise_on == method_name:
            self.fail_callback()

    def fail_callback(self):
        try:
            raise ValueError("callback cause")
        except ValueError as e:
            raise RuntimeError("callback failure") from e

    def was_called(self, method_name):
        return any(call[0] == method_name for call in self.calls)

    def call_count(self, method_name):
        return sum(1 for call in self.calls if call[0] == method_name)

    def last_call_args(self, method_name):
        for called_method, args in reversed(self.calls):
            if called_method == method_name:
                return args
        raise AssertionError(f"{method_name} was not called")

    def call_names(self):
        return [call[0] for call in self.calls]

    def last_loaded_state(self):

        for method_name, args in reversed(self.calls):
            if method_name == "on_load":
                return args[0]
        return None

    def on_save(self):
        self._record("on_save")
        return {"strategy": b"saved"}

    def on_load(self, state):
        self._record("on_load", dict(state))

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        if name in self.TRACKED_METHODS:
            return lambda *args: self._record(name, *args)
        raise AttributeError(name)
"#
    );

    fn create_tracking_python_strategy(py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
        py.run(TRACKING_STRATEGY_CODE, None, None)?;
        let tracking_strategy_class = py.eval(c_str!("TrackingStrategy"), None, None)?;
        let instance = tracking_strategy_class.call0()?;
        Ok(instance.unbind())
    }

    fn python_method_was_called(
        py_strategy: &Py<PyAny>,
        py: Python<'_>,
        method_name: &str,
    ) -> bool {
        py_strategy
            .call_method1(py, "was_called", (method_name,))
            .and_then(|result| result.extract::<bool>(py))
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    fn python_method_call_count(py_strategy: &Py<PyAny>, py: Python<'_>, method_name: &str) -> i32 {
        py_strategy
            .call_method1(py, "call_count", (method_name,))
            .and_then(|result| result.extract::<i32>(py))
            .unwrap_or(0)
    }

    fn python_method_call_names(py_strategy: &Py<PyAny>, py: Python<'_>) -> Vec<String> {
        py_strategy
            .call_method0(py, "call_names")
            .and_then(|result| result.extract::<Vec<String>>(py))
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    fn python_last_loaded_state(
        py_strategy: &Py<PyAny>,
        py: Python<'_>,
    ) -> Option<HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>> {
        py_strategy
            .call_method0(py, "last_loaded_state")
            .and_then(|result| result.extract::<Option<HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>>>(py))
            .unwrap_or(None)
    }

    const TRACKING_INDICATOR_CODE: &std::ffi::CStr = c_str!(
        r#"
class TrackingIndicator:
    def __init__(self, events=None):
        self.initialized = False
        self.calls = []
        self.events = events

    def handle_quote_tick(self, quote):
        self.calls.append("quote")
        if self.events is not None:
            self.events.append("indicator:quote")

    def handle_trade_tick(self, trade):
        self.calls.append("trade")
        if self.events is not None:
            self.events.append("indicator:trade")

    def handle_bar(self, bar):
        self.calls.append("bar")
        if self.events is not None:
            self.events.append("indicator:bar")

    def call_count(self, name):
        return self.calls.count(name)

class IndicatorEventStrategy:
    def __init__(self, events):
        self.events = events

    def on_start(self):
        pass

    def on_quote(self, quote):
        self.events.append("strategy:quote")

    def on_trade(self, trade):
        self.events.append("strategy:trade")

    def on_bar(self, bar):
        self.events.append("strategy:bar")
"#
    );

    fn create_tracking_python_indicator(py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
        py.run(TRACKING_INDICATOR_CODE, None, None)?;
        let indicator_class = py.eval(c_str!("TrackingIndicator"), None, None)?;
        Ok(indicator_class.call0()?.unbind())
    }

    fn create_event_tracking_python_indicator(
        py: Python<'_>,
        events: &Bound<'_, PyList>,
    ) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
        py.run(TRACKING_INDICATOR_CODE, None, None)?;
        let indicator_class = py.eval(c_str!("TrackingIndicator"), None, None)?;
        Ok(indicator_class.call1((events,))?.unbind())
    }

    fn create_indicator_event_strategy(
        py: Python<'_>,
        events: &Bound<'_, PyList>,
    ) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
        py.run(TRACKING_INDICATOR_CODE, None, None)?;
        let strategy_class = py.eval(c_str!("IndicatorEventStrategy"), None, None)?;
        Ok(strategy_class.call1((events,))?.unbind())
    }

    fn python_indicator_call_count(
        indicator: &Py<PyAny>,
        py: Python<'_>,
        method_name: &str,
    ) -> i32 {
        indicator
            .call_method1(py, "call_count", (method_name,))
            .and_then(|result| result.extract::<i32>(py))
            .unwrap_or(0)
    }

    fn sample_instrument() -> CurrencyPair {
        audusd_sim()
    }

    fn sample_time_event() -> TimeEvent {
        TimeEvent::new(
            Ustr::from("test_timer"),
            UUID4::new(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
        )
    }

    fn sample_data() -> CustomData {
        stub_custom_data(1, 42, None, None)
    }

    fn sample_signal() -> Signal {
        Signal::new(
            Ustr::from("test_signal"),
            "1.0".to_string(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
        )
    }

    fn sample_queue_state_changed() -> QueueStateChanged {
        QueueStateChanged::new(
            TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            SystemChannel::ExecCommands,
            QueueCondition::Backlogged,
            QueueState::Triggered,
            17,
            23,
            UUID4::from("00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001"),
            UnixNanos::from(1_700_000_000_000_000_001),
            UnixNanos::from(1_700_000_000_000_000_002),
        )
    }

    fn sample_socket_state_changed() -> SocketStateChanged {
        SocketStateChanged::new(
            TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            ClientId::from("BINANCE"),
            Some(Venue::from("BINANCE")),
            Ustr::from("binance-futures-market-streams"),
            SocketState::Connected,
            UUID4::from("00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001"),
            UnixNanos::from(1_700_000_000_000_000_001),
            UnixNanos::from(1_700_000_000_000_000_002),
        )
    }

    fn sample_quote() -> QuoteTick {
        let instrument = sample_instrument();
        QuoteTick::new(
            instrument.id,
            Price::from("1.00000"),
            Price::from("1.00001"),
            Quantity::from(100_000),
            Quantity::from(100_000),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
        )
    }

    fn sample_trade() -> TradeTick {
        let instrument = sample_instrument();
        TradeTick::new(
            instrument.id,
            Price::from("1.00000"),
            Quantity::from(100_000),
            AggressorSide::Buy,
            TradeId::new("123456"),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
        )
    }

    fn sample_bar() -> Bar {
        let instrument = sample_instrument();
        let bar_type =
            BarType::from_str(&format!("{}-1-MINUTE-LAST-INTERNAL", instrument.id)).unwrap();
        Bar::new(
            bar_type,
            Price::from("1.00000"),
            Price::from("1.00010"),
            Price::from("0.99990"),
            Price::from("1.00005"),
            Quantity::from(100_000),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
        )
    }

    fn sample_book() -> OrderBook {
        OrderBook::new(sample_instrument().id, BookType::L2_MBP)
    }

    fn sample_book_deltas() -> OrderBookDeltas {
        let instrument = sample_instrument();
        let delta =
            OrderBookDelta::clear(instrument.id, 0, UnixNanos::default(), UnixNanos::default());
        OrderBookDeltas::new(instrument.id, vec![delta])
    }

    fn sample_book_depth() -> OrderBookDepth {
        stub_depth10()
    }

    fn sample_mark_price() -> MarkPriceUpdate {
        MarkPriceUpdate::new(
            sample_instrument().id,
            Price::from("1.00000"),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
        )
    }

    fn sample_index_price() -> IndexPriceUpdate {
        IndexPriceUpdate::new(
            sample_instrument().id,
            Price::from("1.00000"),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
        )
    }

    fn sample_funding_rate() -> FundingRateUpdate {
        FundingRateUpdate::new(
            sample_instrument().id,
            "0.0001".parse().unwrap(),
            None,
            None,
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
        )
    }

    fn sample_instrument_status() -> InstrumentStatus {
        InstrumentStatus::new(
            sample_instrument().id,
            MarketStatusAction::Trading,
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
            None,
        )
    }

    fn sample_instrument_close() -> InstrumentClose {
        InstrumentClose::new(
            sample_instrument().id,
            Price::from("1.00000"),
            InstrumentCloseType::EndOfSession,
            UnixNanos::default(),
            UnixNanos::default(),
        )
    }

    fn sample_option_greeks() -> OptionGreeks {
        OptionGreeks {
            instrument_id: InstrumentId::from("AUD/USD.SIM"),
            convention: GreeksConvention::BlackScholes,
            greeks: OptionGreekValues {
                delta: 0.55,
                gamma: 0.03,
                vega: 0.12,
                theta: -0.05,
                rho: 0.01,
            },
            mark_iv: Some(0.25),
            bid_iv: None,
            ask_iv: None,
            underlying_price: None,
            open_interest: None,
            ts_event: UnixNanos::default(),
            ts_init: UnixNanos::default(),
        }
    }

    fn sample_option_chain() -> OptionChainSlice {
        OptionChainSlice {
            series_id: OptionSeriesId::new_derived(
                Venue::from("SIM"),
                Ustr::from("AUD"),
                Ustr::from("USD"),
                UnixNanos::from(1_711_036_800_000_000_000),
            ),
            atm_strike: None,
            calls: BTreeMap::default(),
            puts: BTreeMap::default(),
            ts_event: UnixNanos::default(),
            ts_init: UnixNanos::default(),
        }
    }

    fn sample_position_opened() -> PositionOpened {
        PositionOpened {
            trader_id: TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            strategy_id: StrategyId::from("TEST-001"),
            instrument_id: InstrumentId::from("BTCUSDT.BINANCE"),
            position_id: PositionId::from("P-001"),
            account_id: AccountId::from("ACC-001"),
            opening_order_id: ClientOrderId::from("O-001"),
            entry: OrderSide::Buy,
            side: PositionSide::Long,
            signed_qty: 1.0,
            quantity: Quantity::from(1),
            last_qty: Quantity::from(1),
            last_px: Price::from("1.00000"),
            currency: Currency::from("USD"),
            avg_px_open: 1.0,
            realized_pnl: None,
            event_id: UUID4::new(),
            ts_event: UnixNanos::default(),
            ts_init: UnixNanos::default(),
        }
    }

    fn sample_position_changed() -> PositionChanged {
        PositionChanged {
            trader_id: TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            strategy_id: StrategyId::from("TEST-001"),
            instrument_id: InstrumentId::from("BTCUSDT.BINANCE"),
            position_id: PositionId::from("P-001"),
            account_id: AccountId::from("ACC-001"),
            opening_order_id: ClientOrderId::from("O-001"),
            entry: OrderSide::Buy,
            side: PositionSide::Long,
            signed_qty: 2.0,
            quantity: Quantity::from(2),
            peak_quantity: Quantity::from(2),
            last_qty: Quantity::from(1),
            last_px: Price::from("1.10000"),
            currency: Currency::from("USD"),
            avg_px_open: 1.05,
            avg_px_close: None,
            realized_return: 0.0,
            realized_pnl: None,
            unrealized_pnl: Money::new(0.0, Currency::USD()),
            event_id: UUID4::new(),
            ts_opened: UnixNanos::default(),
            ts_event: UnixNanos::default(),
            ts_init: UnixNanos::default(),
        }
    }

    fn sample_position_closed() -> PositionClosed {
        PositionClosed {
            trader_id: TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            strategy_id: StrategyId::from("TEST-001"),
            instrument_id: InstrumentId::from("BTCUSDT.BINANCE"),
            position_id: PositionId::from("P-001"),
            account_id: AccountId::from("ACC-001"),
            opening_order_id: ClientOrderId::from("O-001"),
            closing_order_id: Some(ClientOrderId::from("O-002")),
            entry: OrderSide::Buy,
            side: PositionSide::Flat,
            signed_qty: 0.0,
            quantity: Quantity::from(0),
            peak_quantity: Quantity::from(2),
            last_qty: Quantity::from(2),
            last_px: Price::from("1.20000"),
            currency: Currency::from("USD"),
            avg_px_open: 1.05,
            avg_px_close: Some(1.20),
            realized_return: 0.1,
            realized_pnl: Some(Money::new(0.1, Currency::USD())),
            unrealized_pnl: Money::new(0.0, Currency::USD()),
            duration: DurationNanos::new(1),
            event_id: UUID4::new(),
            ts_opened: UnixNanos::default(),
            ts_closed: Some(UnixNanos::default()),
            ts_event: UnixNanos::default(),
            ts_init: UnixNanos::default(),
        }
    }

    fn sample_python_market_order(
        py: Python<'_>,
        strategy_id: StrategyId,
        client_order_id: ClientOrderId,
    ) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
        let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Market)
            .trader_id(TraderId::from("TRADER-001"))
            .strategy_id(strategy_id)
            .instrument_id(sample_instrument().id)
            .client_order_id(client_order_id)
            .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .build();

        order_any_to_pyobject(py, order)
    }

    fn sample_open_position(
        strategy_id: StrategyId,
        position_id: PositionId,
        client_order_id: ClientOrderId,
    ) -> Position {
        let instrument = sample_instrument();
        let fill = OrderFilledSpec::builder()
            .trader_id(TraderId::from("TRADER-001"))
            .strategy_id(strategy_id)
            .instrument_id(instrument.id)
            .client_order_id(client_order_id)
            .position_id(position_id)
            .order_side(OrderSide::Buy)
            .last_qty(Quantity::from(100_000))
            .last_px(Price::from("1.00000"))
            .currency(instrument.quote_currency)
            .build();

        Position::new(&InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(instrument), fill)
    }

    fn create_registered_tracking_strategy_with_config(
        py: Python<'_>,
        config: Option<StrategyConfig>,
    ) -> (Py<PyAny>, PyStrategy) {
        let py_strategy = create_tracking_python_strategy(py).unwrap();
        let mut rust_strategy = PyStrategy::new(config);
        rust_strategy
            .set_python_instance(py_strategy.bind(py))
            .unwrap();

        let clock: Rc<RefCell<dyn Clock>> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(VirtualClock::new()));
        let cache = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Cache::new(None, None)));
        let portfolio = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Portfolio::new(
            clock.clone(),
            cache.clone(),
            None,
        )));

        rust_strategy
            .register(TraderId::from("TRADER-001"), clock, cache, portfolio)
            .unwrap();

        (py_strategy, rust_strategy)
    }

    fn create_registered_tracking_strategy(py: Python<'_>) -> (Py<PyAny>, PyStrategy) {
        create_registered_tracking_strategy_with_config(py, None)
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_register_in_global_registries_retains_python_wrapper() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();

        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (py_strategy, rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy_with_config(
                py,
                Some(StrategyConfig {
                    strategy_id: Some(StrategyId::from("Retained-001")),
                    ..Default::default()
                }),
            );

            rust_strategy.register_in_global_registries().unwrap();

            let retained = get_python_wrapper(ComponentId::from("Retained-001"))
                .expect("registering must retain the strategy's Python wrapper");

            assert!(retained.bind(py).is(py_strategy.bind(py)));
            assert!(get_component(&Ustr::from("Retained-001")).is_some());
            assert!(actor_exists(&Ustr::from("Retained-001")));
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_registered_python_strategy_routes_time_events_by_state() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();

        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (py_strategy, rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy_with_config(
                py,
                Some(StrategyConfig {
                    strategy_id: Some(StrategyId::from("StoppedTimer-001")),
                    manage_gtd_expiry: true,
                    ..Default::default()
                }),
            );
            rust_strategy.register_in_global_registries().unwrap();
            Component::start(rust_strategy.inner_mut()).unwrap();

            let running_client_order_id = ClientOrderId::from("O-RUNNING-001");
            let running_timer_name = format!("GTD-EXPIRY:{running_client_order_id}");
            let clock = DataActorNative::clock_rc(rust_strategy.inner());
            clock
                .borrow_mut()
                .set_time_alert_ns(&running_timer_name, UnixNanos::from(1), None, None)
                .unwrap();
            rust_strategy
                .inner_mut()
                .core
                .gtd_timers
                .insert(running_client_order_id, Ustr::from(&running_timer_name));
            let running_dispatched = dispatch_time_events(&clock, UnixNanos::from(1));

            assert_eq!(running_dispatched, 1);
            assert!(
                !rust_strategy
                    .inner_mut()
                    .has_gtd_expiry_timer(&running_client_order_id)
            );
            assert_eq!(
                python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "on_time_event"),
                1
            );

            let client_order_id = ClientOrderId::from("O-STOPPED-001");
            let timer_name = format!("GTD-EXPIRY:{client_order_id}");
            clock
                .borrow_mut()
                .set_time_alert_ns(&timer_name, UnixNanos::from(2), None, None)
                .unwrap();
            rust_strategy
                .inner_mut()
                .core
                .gtd_timers
                .insert(client_order_id, Ustr::from(&timer_name));
            Component::stop(rust_strategy.inner_mut()).unwrap();

            let stopped_dispatched = dispatch_time_events(&clock, UnixNanos::from(2));

            assert_eq!(stopped_dispatched, 1);
            assert_eq!(
                Component::state(rust_strategy.inner()),
                ComponentState::Stopped
            );
            assert!(
                rust_strategy
                    .inner_mut()
                    .has_gtd_expiry_timer(&client_order_id)
            );
            assert_eq!(
                python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "on_time_event"),
                1
            );
        });
    }

    fn dispatch_time_events(clock: &Rc<RefCell<dyn Clock>>, to_time_ns: UnixNanos) -> usize {
        let handlers = {
            let mut clock_ref = clock.borrow_mut();
            let test_clock = clock_ref
                .as_any_mut()
                .downcast_mut::<VirtualClock>()
                .expect("strategy clock must be VirtualClock");
            let events = test_clock.advance_time(to_time_ns, true);
            test_clock.match_handlers(events)
        };
        let dispatched = handlers.len();

        for handler in handlers {
            handler.run();
        }

        dispatched
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_register_in_global_registries_rejects_missing_python_wrapper() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();

        Python::attach(|_py| {
            let mut rust_strategy = PyStrategy::new(Some(StrategyConfig {
                strategy_id: Some(StrategyId::from("Unwrapped-001")),
                ..Default::default()
            }));

            let clock: Rc<RefCell<dyn Clock>> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(VirtualClock::new()));
            let cache = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Cache::new(None, None)));
            let portfolio = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Portfolio::new(
                clock.clone(),
                cache.clone(),
                None,
            )));
            rust_strategy
                .register(TraderId::from("TRADER-001"), clock, cache, portfolio)
                .unwrap();

            let error = rust_strategy
                .register_in_global_registries()
                .expect_err("registering without a Python wrapper must fail");

            assert!(error.to_string().contains("without a Python wrapper"));
            assert!(get_component(&Ustr::from("Unwrapped-001")).is_none());
            assert!(!actor_exists(&Ustr::from("Unwrapped-001")));
            assert!(get_python_wrapper(ComponentId::from("Unwrapped-001")).is_none());
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_external_order_instrument_ids_returns_configured_instruments() {
        let claims = vec![
            InstrumentId::from("AUDUSD.SIM"),
            InstrumentId::from("BTCUSDT.BINANCE"),
        ];
        let strategy = PyStrategy::new(Some(StrategyConfig {
            external_order_instrument_ids: Some(claims.clone()),
            ..Default::default()
        }));

        assert_eq!(strategy.external_order_instrument_ids(), Some(claims));
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_new_checked_rejects_order_id_tag_with_separator() {
        let config = StrategyConfig {
            order_id_tag: Some("A-B".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let error = PyStrategy::new_checked(Some(config)).unwrap_err();

        assert_eq!(
            error.to_string(),
            "`order_id_tag` cannot contain the '-' strategy ID separator, was 'A-B'"
        );
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_py_new_raises_value_error_for_order_id_tag_with_separator() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            // Built in Rust so it carries a tag `StrategyConfig.__new__` would have rejected,
            // which is the only way to drive an invalid config through the constructor
            let config = StrategyConfig {
                order_id_tag: Some("A-B".to_string()),
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let config_obj = Py::new(py, config).unwrap().into_any();

            let error = PyStrategy::py_new(Some(config_obj)).unwrap_err();

            assert!(error.is_instance_of::<pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError>(py));
            assert_eq!(
                error.value(py).to_string(),
                "`order_id_tag` cannot contain the '-' strategy ID separator, was 'A-B'"
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_py_new_accepts_a_config_without_a_separator() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let config = StrategyConfig {
                order_id_tag: Some("001".to_string()),
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let config_obj = Py::new(py, config).unwrap().into_any();

            let strategy = PyStrategy::py_new(Some(config_obj)).unwrap();

            assert_eq!(strategy.order_id_tag(), Some("001".to_string()));
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_aggregate_event_handlers_exist() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let strategy = Py::new(py, PyStrategy::new(None)).unwrap();
            let strategy = strategy.bind(py);

            assert!(strategy.hasattr("on_order_event").unwrap());
            assert!(strategy.hasattr("on_position_event").unwrap());
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case(None)]
    #[case(Some(25))]
    fn test_python_book_depth_subscription_methods_send_commands(#[case] depth: Option<usize>) {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            let (handler, saver) = get_typed_into_message_saving_handler::<DataCommand>(None);
            msgbus::register_data_command_endpoint(
                MessagingSwitchboard::data_engine_queue_execute(),
                handler,
            );

            let instrument_id = sample_instrument().id;
            let client_id = Some(ClientId::new("DEPTH-CLIENT"));
            rust_strategy
                .py_subscribe_book_depth(
                    instrument_id,
                    BookType::L2_MBP,
                    depth,
                    client_id,
                    true,
                    None,
                )
                .unwrap();
            rust_strategy
                .py_unsubscribe_book_depth(instrument_id, client_id, None)
                .unwrap();

            let commands = saver.get_messages();
            let [
                DataCommand::Subscribe(SubscribeCommand::BookDepth(subscribe)),
                DataCommand::Unsubscribe(UnsubscribeCommand::BookDepth(unsubscribe)),
            ] = commands.as_slice()
            else {
                panic!("expected BookDepth subscribe and unsubscribe commands, was {commands:?}");
            };

            assert_eq!(subscribe.instrument_id, instrument_id);
            assert_eq!(subscribe.book_type, BookType::L2_MBP);
            assert_eq!(subscribe.depth.map(NonZeroUsize::get), depth);
            assert_eq!(subscribe.client_id, client_id);
            assert!(subscribe.managed);
            assert_eq!(unsubscribe.instrument_id, instrument_id);
            assert_eq!(unsubscribe.client_id, client_id);
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_strategy_retains_python_config_object() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let config = py
                .eval(
                    c_str!("type('_Cfg', (), {'strategy_id': 'S-RETAIN-001'})()"),
                    None,
                    None,
                )
                .unwrap();

            let strategy = py
                .get_type::<PyStrategy>()
                .as_any()
                .call1((config.clone(),))
                .unwrap();

            let retained = strategy.getattr("config").unwrap();

            assert!(retained.is(&config));
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_indicator_registration_exposes_readiness_and_registered_view() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let mut rust_strategy = PyStrategy::new(None);
            let indicator = create_tracking_python_indicator(py).unwrap();
            let instrument_id = sample_instrument().id;
            let bar_type = sample_bar().bar_type;

            assert_eq!(
                rust_strategy
                    .py_registered_indicators(py)
                    .unwrap()
                    .bind(py)
                    .len()
                    .unwrap(),
                0
            );
            assert!(!rust_strategy.py_indicators_initialized(py).unwrap());

            rust_strategy.py_register_indicator_for_quote_ticks(
                py,
                instrument_id,
                indicator.clone_ref(py),
            );
            rust_strategy.py_register_indicator_for_trade_ticks(
                py,
                instrument_id,
                indicator.clone_ref(py),
            );
            rust_strategy.py_register_indicator_for_bars(py, bar_type, indicator.clone_ref(py));

            let registered = rust_strategy.py_registered_indicators(py).unwrap();
            let registered = registered.bind(py);

            assert_eq!(registered.len().unwrap(), 1);
            assert_eq!(
                registered.get_item(0).unwrap().as_ptr(),
                indicator.bind(py).as_ptr()
            );
            assert!(!rust_strategy.py_indicators_initialized(py).unwrap());

            indicator.bind(py).setattr("initialized", true).unwrap();

            assert!(rust_strategy.py_indicators_initialized(py).unwrap());
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_registered_indicators_receive_quote_trade_and_bar_before_strategy_callbacks() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let events = PyList::empty(py);
            let py_strategy = create_indicator_event_strategy(py, &events).unwrap();
            let indicator = create_event_tracking_python_indicator(py, &events).unwrap();

            let mut rust_strategy = PyStrategy::new(None);
            rust_strategy
                .set_python_instance(py_strategy.bind(py))
                .unwrap();

            let clock: Rc<RefCell<dyn Clock>> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(VirtualClock::new()));
            let cache = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Cache::new(None, None)));
            let portfolio = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Portfolio::new(
                clock.clone(),
                cache.clone(),
                None,
            )));

            rust_strategy
                .register(TraderId::from("TRADER-001"), clock, cache, portfolio)
                .unwrap();
            Component::start(rust_strategy.inner_mut()).unwrap();

            let quote = sample_quote();
            let trade = sample_trade();
            let bar = sample_bar();
            let external_bar_type = BarType::from_str(&format!(
                "{}-1-MINUTE-LAST-EXTERNAL",
                bar.bar_type.instrument_id()
            ))
            .unwrap();

            rust_strategy.py_register_indicator_for_quote_ticks(
                py,
                quote.instrument_id,
                indicator.clone_ref(py),
            );
            rust_strategy.py_register_indicator_for_trade_ticks(
                py,
                trade.instrument_id,
                indicator.clone_ref(py),
            );
            rust_strategy.py_register_indicator_for_bars(
                py,
                external_bar_type,
                indicator.clone_ref(py),
            );

            DataActor::handle_quote(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &quote);
            DataActor::handle_trade(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &trade);
            DataActor::handle_bar(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &bar);

            let events = events.extract::<Vec<String>>().unwrap();

            assert_eq!(python_indicator_call_count(&indicator, py, "quote"), 1);
            assert_eq!(python_indicator_call_count(&indicator, py, "trade"), 1);
            assert_eq!(python_indicator_call_count(&indicator, py, "bar"), 1);
            assert_eq!(
                events,
                vec![
                    "indicator:quote",
                    "strategy:quote",
                    "indicator:trade",
                    "strategy:trade",
                    "indicator:bar",
                    "strategy:bar",
                ]
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_registered_indicators_receive_historical_quote_trade_and_bar_batches() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let mut rust_strategy = PyStrategy::new(None);
            let indicator = create_tracking_python_indicator(py).unwrap();
            let quote = sample_quote();
            let trade = sample_trade();
            let bar = sample_bar();
            let quotes = vec![quote];
            let trades = vec![trade];
            let bars = vec![bar];

            rust_strategy.py_register_indicator_for_quote_ticks(
                py,
                quote.instrument_id,
                indicator.clone_ref(py),
            );
            rust_strategy.py_register_indicator_for_trade_ticks(
                py,
                trade.instrument_id,
                indicator.clone_ref(py),
            );
            rust_strategy.py_register_indicator_for_bars(py, bar.bar_type, indicator.clone_ref(py));

            let client_id = ClientId::new("TEST");
            let quotes_response = QuotesResponse::new(
                UUID4::new(),
                client_id,
                quote.instrument_id,
                quotes,
                None,
                None,
                UnixNanos::default(),
                None,
            );
            let trades_response = TradesResponse::new(
                UUID4::new(),
                client_id,
                trade.instrument_id,
                trades,
                None,
                None,
                UnixNanos::default(),
                None,
            );
            let bars_response = BarsResponse::new(
                UUID4::new(),
                client_id,
                bar.bar_type,
                bars,
                None,
                None,
                UnixNanos::default(),
                None,
            );

            DataActor::handle_quotes_response(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &quotes_response);
            DataActor::handle_trades_response(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &trades_response);
            DataActor::handle_bars_response(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &bars_response);

            assert_eq!(python_indicator_call_count(&indicator, py, "quote"), 1);
            assert_eq!(python_indicator_call_count(&indicator, py, "trade"), 1);
            assert_eq!(python_indicator_call_count(&indicator, py, "bar"), 1);
        });
    }

    fn assert_python_dispatch<F>(py: Python<'_>, method_name: &str, invoke: F) -> Py<PyAny>
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut PyStrategy) -> anyhow::Result<()>,
    {
        let (py_strategy, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
        let result = invoke(&mut rust_strategy);

        assert!(result.is_ok());
        assert!(python_method_was_called(&py_strategy, py, method_name));
        assert_eq!(python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, method_name), 1);

        py_strategy
    }

    fn assert_python_callback<F>(
        py: Python<'_>,
        method_name: &str,
        raises: bool,
        shutdown: bool,
        invoke: F,
    ) -> Py<PyAny>
    where
        F: Fn(&mut PyStrategy) -> anyhow::Result<()>,
    {
        let _guard = init_logging(
            TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            UUID4::new(),
            Default::default(),
            Default::default(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let (py_strategy, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
        if raises {
            py_strategy.setattr(py, "raise_on", method_name).unwrap();
        }

        arm_shutdown_on_error(shutdown);
        let result = invoke(&mut rust_strategy);
        let trigger = take_shutdown_on_error_trigger();
        disarm_shutdown_on_error();

        assert!(result.is_ok());
        assert_eq!(python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, method_name), 1);

        if raises && shutdown {
            let trigger = trigger.expect("Python callback failure must request shutdown");
            assert_eq!(
                trigger.component.as_str(),
                rust_strategy.inner().core.actor.actor_id.as_str()
            );
            assert!(
                trigger
                    .message
                    .contains(&format!("Python {method_name} failed:"))
            );
            assert!(trigger.message.contains("in fail_callback"));
            assert!(trigger.message.contains("ValueError: callback cause"));
            assert!(trigger.message.contains("RuntimeError: callback failure"));
        } else {
            assert_eq!(trigger, None);
        }

        py_strategy
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case(false)]
    #[case(true)]
    fn test_python_timer_callback_exception_requests_shutdown(#[case] shutdown: bool) {
        Python::initialize();
        let _guard = init_logging(
            TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            UUID4::new(),
            Default::default(),
            Default::default(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (tracker, strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            strategy.register_in_global_registries().unwrap();
            Component::start(strategy.inner_mut()).unwrap();
            tracker.setattr(py, "raise_on", "on_time_event").unwrap();
            let clock = DataActorNative::clock_rc(strategy.inner());
            clock
                .borrow_mut()
                .set_time_alert_ns("CALLBACK", UnixNanos::from(10), None, None)
                .unwrap();
            arm_shutdown_on_error(shutdown);
            let dispatched = dispatch_time_events(&clock, UnixNanos::from(10));
            let trigger = take_shutdown_on_error_trigger();
            disarm_shutdown_on_error();

            assert_eq!(dispatched, 1);
            assert_eq!(python_method_call_count(&tracker, py, "on_time_event"), 1);
            assert_eq!(Component::state(strategy.inner()), ComponentState::Running);

            if shutdown {
                let trigger = trigger.expect("strategy timer exception must request shutdown");
                assert!(trigger.message.contains("Python on_time_event failed:"));
                assert!(trigger.message.contains("in fail_callback"));
                assert!(trigger.message.contains("RuntimeError: callback failure"));
            } else {
                assert_eq!(trigger, None);
            }
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_data_callback_exception_preserves_traceback() {
        Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (tracker, strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            tracker.setattr(py, "raise_on", "on_bar").unwrap();
            let error = DataActor::on_bar(strategy.inner_mut(), &sample_bar()).unwrap_err();
            let message = error.to_string();

            assert_eq!(python_method_call_count(&tracker, py, "on_bar"), 1);
            assert!(message.contains("Python on_bar failed:"));
            assert!(message.contains("in fail_callback"));
            assert!(message.contains("ValueError: callback cause"));
            assert!(message.contains("RuntimeError: callback failure"));
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case("on_market_exit")]
    #[case("post_market_exit")]
    fn test_python_dispatch_market_exit_callback_errors(
        #[case] method_name: &str,
        #[values(false, true)] raises: bool,
        #[values(false, true)] shutdown: bool,
    ) {
        Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            assert_python_callback(py, method_name, raises, shutdown, |strategy| {
                match method_name {
                    "on_market_exit" => Strategy::on_market_exit(strategy.inner_mut()),
                    "post_market_exit" => Strategy::post_market_exit(strategy.inner_mut()),
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                }

                Ok(())
            });
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case("on_start")]
    #[case("on_stop")]
    #[case("on_resume")]
    #[case("on_reset")]
    #[case("on_dispose")]
    #[case("on_degrade")]
    #[case("on_fault")]
    fn test_python_dispatch_lifecycle_matrix(#[case] method_name: &str) {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            assert_python_dispatch(py, method_name, |rust_strategy| match method_name {
                "on_start" => DataActor::on_start(rust_strategy.inner_mut()),
                "on_stop" => DataActor::on_stop(rust_strategy.inner_mut()),
                "on_resume" => DataActor::on_resume(rust_strategy.inner_mut()),
                "on_reset" => DataActor::on_reset(rust_strategy.inner_mut()),
                "on_dispose" => DataActor::on_dispose(rust_strategy.inner_mut()),
                "on_degrade" => DataActor::on_degrade(rust_strategy.inner_mut()),
                "on_fault" => DataActor::on_fault(rust_strategy.inner_mut()),
                _ => unreachable!("unhandled lifecycle case: {method_name}"),
            });
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case("on_save")]
    #[case("on_load")]
    fn test_python_dispatch_persistence_matrix(#[case] method_name: &str) {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            assert_python_dispatch(py, method_name, |rust_strategy| match method_name {
                "on_save" => {
                    let state = DataActor::on_save(rust_strategy.inner()).unwrap();
                    assert_eq!(
                        state.get("strategy").map(Vec::as_slice),
                        Some(b"saved".as_slice())
                    );
                    Ok(())
                }
                "on_load" => {
                    let mut state = IndexMap::new();
                    state.insert("strategy".to_string(), b"loaded".to_vec());
                    DataActor::on_load(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), state)
                }
                _ => unreachable!("unhandled persistence case: {method_name}"),
            });
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_persistence_methods_convert_state() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (py_strategy, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);

            let saved = rust_strategy.py_save(py).unwrap();
            let saved_state = saved
                .bind(py)
                .extract::<HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>>()
                .unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                saved_state.get("strategy").map(Vec::as_slice),
                Some(&b"saved"[..])
            );

            let load_state = PyDict::new(py);
            load_state
                .set_item("strategy", PyBytes::new(py, b"loaded-from-python"))
                .unwrap();

            rust_strategy.py_load(&load_state).unwrap();

            let loaded_state = python_last_loaded_state(&py_strategy, py).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                loaded_state.get("strategy").map(Vec::as_slice),
                Some(&b"loaded-from-python"[..])
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_publish_data_and_signal_reach_msgbus() {
        use nautilus_common::msgbus::{
            MStr, MessageBus, Pattern, get_message_bus, switchboard::get_custom_topic,
            typed_handler::ShareableMessageHandler,
        };
        use nautilus_core::python::IntoPyObjectNautilusExt;

        *get_message_bus().borrow_mut() = MessageBus::default();

        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            let data = sample_data();

            let received_data: Rc<RefCell<Vec<CustomData>>> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
            let received_data_clone = received_data.clone();
            let data_handler = ShareableMessageHandler::from_typed(move |data: &CustomData| {
                received_data_clone.borrow_mut().push(data.clone());
            });
            msgbus::subscribe_any(get_custom_topic(&data.data_type).into(), data_handler, None);

            let received_signals: Rc<RefCell<Vec<Signal>>> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
            let received_signals_clone = received_signals.clone();
            let signal_handler = ShareableMessageHandler::from_typed(move |data: &CustomData| {
                if let Some(signal) = data.data.as_any().downcast_ref::<Signal>() {
                    received_signals_clone.borrow_mut().push(signal.clone());
                }
            });
            let signal_pattern: MStr<Pattern> = "data.Signal*".to_string().into();
            msgbus::subscribe_any(signal_pattern, signal_handler, None);

            rust_strategy
                .py_publish_data(&data.data_type, &data)
                .unwrap();

            let value: Py<PyAny> = 2.0_f64.into_py_any_unwrap(py);
            rust_strategy
                .py_publish_signal(py, "risk", value, 1_700_000_000_000_000_000)
                .unwrap();

            let received_data = received_data.borrow();
            assert_eq!(received_data.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(received_data[0].data_type, data.data_type);

            let received_signals = received_signals.borrow();
            assert_eq!(received_signals.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(received_signals[0].name, "risk");
            assert_eq!(received_signals[0].value, "2.0");
            assert_eq!(
                received_signals[0].ts_event,
                UnixNanos::from(1_700_000_000_000_000_000_u64),
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_add_and_update_synthetic_update_cache() {
        use std::str::FromStr;

        use nautilus_model::{
            identifiers::{InstrumentId, Symbol},
            instruments::SyntheticInstrument,
        };

        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);

            let comp1 = InstrumentId::from_str("BTC-USD.VENUE").unwrap();
            let comp2 = InstrumentId::from_str("ETH-USD.VENUE").unwrap();
            let symbol = Symbol::from("SYN");
            let original_formula = format!("({comp1} + {comp2}) / 2.0");
            let synthetic = SyntheticInstrument::builder()
                .symbol(symbol)
                .price_precision(2)
                .components(vec![comp1, comp2])
                .formula(&original_formula)
                .ts_event(UnixNanos::default())
                .ts_init(UnixNanos::default())
                .build()
                .unwrap();
            let synthetic_id = synthetic.id;

            rust_strategy.py_add_synthetic(synthetic).unwrap();

            let updated_formula = format!("{comp1} + {comp2}");
            let updated = SyntheticInstrument::builder()
                .symbol(symbol)
                .price_precision(2)
                .components(vec![comp1, comp2])
                .formula(&updated_formula)
                .ts_event(UnixNanos::default())
                .ts_init(UnixNanos::default())
                .build()
                .unwrap();
            rust_strategy.py_update_synthetic(updated).unwrap();

            let cache = DataActor::cache(rust_strategy.inner());
            let stored = cache.synthetic(&synthetic_id).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(stored.formula, updated_formula);
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_subscribe_and_unsubscribe_signal_update_msgbus() {
        use nautilus_common::msgbus::{MessageBus, get_message_bus, switchboard::get_signal_topic};

        *get_message_bus().borrow_mut() = MessageBus::default();

        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);

            rust_strategy.py_subscribe_signal("risk", Some(50)).unwrap();

            let topic = get_signal_topic("risk");
            let subscriptions = get_message_bus().borrow_mut().matching_subscriptions(topic);
            assert_eq!(subscriptions.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(subscriptions[0].priority, 50);

            rust_strategy.py_unsubscribe_signal("risk").unwrap();

            let subscriptions = get_message_bus().borrow_mut().matching_subscriptions(topic);
            assert!(subscriptions.is_empty());
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case(None)]
    #[case(Some(SystemChannel::ExecCommands))]
    fn test_python_subscribe_and_unsubscribe_queue_state_update_msgbus(
        #[case] channel: Option<SystemChannel>,
    ) {
        use nautilus_common::msgbus::{MessageBus, MessagingSwitchboard, get_message_bus};

        *get_message_bus().borrow_mut() = MessageBus::default();

        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);

            rust_strategy
                .py_subscribe_queue_state(channel, Some(50))
                .unwrap();

            let topic =
                MessagingSwitchboard::queue_state_changed_topic(SystemChannel::ExecCommands);
            let subscriptions = get_message_bus().borrow_mut().matching_subscriptions(topic);
            assert_eq!(subscriptions.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(subscriptions[0].priority, 50);
            let unrelated =
                MessagingSwitchboard::queue_state_changed_topic(SystemChannel::DataEvents);
            assert_eq!(
                get_message_bus()
                    .borrow_mut()
                    .matching_subscriptions(unrelated)
                    .len(),
                usize::from(channel.is_none())
            );

            rust_strategy.py_unsubscribe_queue_state(channel).unwrap();

            let subscriptions = get_message_bus().borrow_mut().matching_subscriptions(topic);
            assert!(subscriptions.is_empty());
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case(None, None)]
    #[case(Some(ClientId::from("BINANCE")), None)]
    #[case(None, Some("binance-futures-market-streams"))]
    #[case(
        Some(ClientId::from("BINANCE")),
        Some("binance-futures-market-streams")
    )]
    fn test_python_subscribe_and_unsubscribe_socket_state_update_msgbus(
        #[case] client_id: Option<ClientId>,
        #[case] endpoint: Option<&str>,
    ) {
        use nautilus_common::msgbus::{MessageBus, MessagingSwitchboard, get_message_bus};

        *get_message_bus().borrow_mut() = MessageBus::default();

        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);

            rust_strategy
                .py_subscribe_socket_state(client_id, endpoint, Some(50))
                .unwrap();

            let topic = MessagingSwitchboard::socket_state_changed_topic(
                ClientId::from("BINANCE"),
                "binance-futures-market-streams",
            );
            let subscriptions = get_message_bus().borrow_mut().matching_subscriptions(topic);
            assert_eq!(subscriptions.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(subscriptions[0].priority, 50);
            let unrelated =
                MessagingSwitchboard::socket_state_changed_topic(ClientId::from("BYBIT"), "orders");
            assert_eq!(
                get_message_bus()
                    .borrow_mut()
                    .matching_subscriptions(unrelated)
                    .len(),
                usize::from(client_id.is_none() && endpoint.is_none())
            );

            rust_strategy
                .py_unsubscribe_socket_state(client_id, endpoint)
                .unwrap();

            let subscriptions = get_message_bus().borrow_mut().matching_subscriptions(topic);
            assert!(subscriptions.is_empty());
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_reconnect_socket_enqueues_typed_command() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (system_tx, mut system_rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();
            replace_system_command_sender(system_tx);
            let (_, strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);

            strategy
                .py_reconnect_socket(ClientId::from("POLYMARKET"), "polymarket-market-streams")
                .expect("valid reconnect command");
            let command = system_rx
                .try_recv()
                .expect("reconnect command should be queued");
            let SystemCommand::ReconnectSocket(command) = command;

            assert_eq!(command.trader_id, TraderId::from("TRADER-001"));
            assert_eq!(command.client_id, ClientId::from("POLYMARKET"));
            assert_eq!(command.endpoint, "polymarket-market-streams");
            assert_eq!(command.ts_init, UnixNanos::default());
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_stop_stops_immediately_when_manage_stop_disabled() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let config = StrategyConfig {
                strategy_id: Some(StrategyId::from("TEST-001")),
                order_id_tag: Some("001".to_string()),
                manage_stop: false,
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let (py_strategy, mut rust_strategy) =
                create_registered_tracking_strategy_with_config(py, Some(config));

            rust_strategy.py_start().unwrap();
            rust_strategy.py_stop().unwrap();

            assert!(rust_strategy.py_is_stopped());
            assert!(!rust_strategy.inner().core.pending_stop);
            assert!(!rust_strategy.inner().core.is_exiting);
            assert_eq!(python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "on_stop"), 1);
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_stop_defers_when_manage_stop_enabled() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let config = StrategyConfig {
                strategy_id: Some(StrategyId::from("TEST-001")),
                order_id_tag: Some("001".to_string()),
                manage_stop: true,
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let (py_strategy, mut rust_strategy) =
                create_registered_tracking_strategy_with_config(py, Some(config));

            rust_strategy.py_start().unwrap();
            rust_strategy.py_stop().unwrap();

            assert!(rust_strategy.py_is_running());
            assert!(rust_strategy.inner().core.pending_stop);
            assert!(rust_strategy.inner().core.is_exiting);
            assert_eq!(python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "on_stop"), 0);
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_market_exit_methods_update_state_and_dispatch_hooks() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (py_strategy, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);

            rust_strategy.py_start().unwrap();

            assert!(!rust_strategy.py_is_exiting());

            rust_strategy.py_market_exit().unwrap();

            assert!(rust_strategy.py_is_exiting());
            assert_eq!(
                python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "on_market_exit"),
                1
            );

            rust_strategy.inner_mut().finalize_market_exit();

            assert!(!rust_strategy.py_is_exiting());
            assert_eq!(
                python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "post_market_exit"),
                1
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case::order_list_object(true)]
    #[case::raw_order_sequence(false)]
    fn test_python_submit_order_list_accepts_order_list_inputs(#[case] wrap_order_list: bool) {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            let (risk_handler, risk_messages): (_, TypedIntoMessageSavingHandler<TradingCommand>) =
                get_typed_into_message_saving_handler(Some(Ustr::from("RiskEngine.queue_execute")));
            msgbus::register_trading_command_endpoint(
                MessagingSwitchboard::risk_engine_queue_execute(),
                risk_handler,
            );

            let strategy_id = rust_strategy.strategy_id();
            let client_order_id1 = ClientOrderId::from("O-PYO3-LIST-001");
            let client_order_id2 = ClientOrderId::from("O-PYO3-LIST-002");
            let orders = vec![
                sample_python_market_order(py, strategy_id, client_order_id1).unwrap(),
                sample_python_market_order(py, strategy_id, client_order_id2).unwrap(),
            ];
            let params = PyDict::new(py);

            params.set_item("routing_hint", "prefer_batch").unwrap();
            let order_list = if wrap_order_list {
                let order_list_type = py
                    .eval(c_str!("type('OrderListShim', (), {})"), None, None)
                    .unwrap();
                let order_list = order_list_type.call0().unwrap();

                order_list.setattr("orders", orders).unwrap();
                order_list.unbind()
            } else {
                PyList::new(py, orders).unwrap().into_any().unbind()
            };

            rust_strategy
                .py_submit_order_list(py, order_list, None, None, Some(params.unbind()))
                .unwrap();

            let cache = DataActor::cache(rust_strategy.inner());
            let cached_order1 = cache.order(&client_order_id1).unwrap();
            let cached_order2 = cache.order(&client_order_id2).unwrap();
            let order_list_id = cached_order1.order_list_id().unwrap();
            let order_list = cache.order_list(&order_list_id).unwrap();

            assert_eq!(cached_order2.order_list_id(), Some(order_list_id));
            assert_eq!(
                order_list.client_order_ids.as_slice(),
                &[client_order_id1, client_order_id2]
            );

            let py_cache =
                Py::new(py, PyCache::from_rc(rust_strategy.inner().core.cache_rc())).unwrap();
            let py_order_list = py_cache
                .bind(py)
                .call_method1("order_list", (order_list_id,))
                .unwrap();

            assert_eq!(
                py_order_list
                    .getattr("id")
                    .unwrap()
                    .extract::<OrderListId>()
                    .unwrap(),
                order_list_id,
            );
            assert_eq!(
                py_order_list
                    .call_method0("client_order_ids")
                    .unwrap()
                    .extract::<Vec<ClientOrderId>>()
                    .unwrap(),
                vec![client_order_id1, client_order_id2],
            );

            let risk_messages = risk_messages.get_messages();
            assert_eq!(risk_messages.len(), 1);
            let Some(TradingCommand::SubmitOrderList(command)) = risk_messages.first() else {
                panic!("expected SubmitOrderList command");
            };
            assert_eq!(
                command
                    .params
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|params| params.get("routing_hint")),
                Some(&Value::String("prefer_batch".to_string()))
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_close_position_forwards_params_to_submit_order() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            let (risk_handler, risk_messages): (_, TypedIntoMessageSavingHandler<TradingCommand>) =
                get_typed_into_message_saving_handler(Some(Ustr::from("RiskEngine.queue_execute")));
            msgbus::register_trading_command_endpoint(
                MessagingSwitchboard::risk_engine_queue_execute(),
                risk_handler,
            );

            let position_id = PositionId::from("P-PYO3-CLOSE-001");
            let position = sample_open_position(
                rust_strategy.strategy_id(),
                position_id,
                ClientOrderId::from("O-PYO3-CLOSE-001"),
            );
            let params = PyDict::new(py);

            params.set_item("routing_hint", "close_single").unwrap();
            rust_strategy
                .py_close_position(
                    &position,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    Some(params.unbind()),
                )
                .unwrap();

            let risk_messages = risk_messages.get_messages();
            assert_eq!(risk_messages.len(), 1);
            let Some(TradingCommand::SubmitOrder(command)) = risk_messages.first() else {
                panic!("expected SubmitOrder command");
            };
            assert_eq!(command.position_id, Some(position_id));
            assert_eq!(
                command
                    .params
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|params| params.get("routing_hint")),
                Some(&Value::String("close_single".to_string()))
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_close_all_positions_forwards_params_to_submit_order() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            let (risk_handler, risk_messages): (_, TypedIntoMessageSavingHandler<TradingCommand>) =
                get_typed_into_message_saving_handler(Some(Ustr::from("RiskEngine.queue_execute")));
            msgbus::register_trading_command_endpoint(
                MessagingSwitchboard::risk_engine_queue_execute(),
                risk_handler,
            );

            let instrument = sample_instrument();
            let position_id1 = PositionId::from("P-PYO3-CLOSE-ALL-001");
            let position_id2 = PositionId::from("P-PYO3-CLOSE-ALL-002");
            let position1 = sample_open_position(
                rust_strategy.strategy_id(),
                position_id1,
                ClientOrderId::from("O-PYO3-CLOSE-ALL-001"),
            );
            let position2 = sample_open_position(
                rust_strategy.strategy_id(),
                position_id2,
                ClientOrderId::from("O-PYO3-CLOSE-ALL-002"),
            );
            let cache = rust_strategy.inner().core.cache_rc();

            {
                let mut cache = cache.borrow_mut();
                cache
                    .add_instrument(InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(instrument.clone()))
                    .unwrap();
                cache.add_position(&position1, OmsType::Hedging).unwrap();
                cache.add_position(&position2, OmsType::Hedging).unwrap();
            }

            let params = PyDict::new(py);

            params.set_item("routing_hint", "close_all").unwrap();
            rust_strategy
                .py_close_all_positions(
                    instrument.id,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    Some(params.unbind()),
                )
                .unwrap();

            let risk_messages = risk_messages.get_messages();
            assert_eq!(risk_messages.len(), 2);
            let commands: Vec<_> = risk_messages
                .iter()
                .map(|message| {
                    let TradingCommand::SubmitOrder(command) = message else {
                        panic!("expected SubmitOrder command");
                    };
                    command
                })
                .collect();

            assert!(
                commands
                    .iter()
                    .any(|command| command.position_id == Some(position_id1))
            );
            assert!(
                commands
                    .iter()
                    .any(|command| command.position_id == Some(position_id2))
            );
            assert!(commands.iter().all(|command| {
                command
                    .params
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|params| params.get("routing_hint"))
                    == Some(&Value::String("close_all".to_string()))
            }));
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_cancel_gtd_expiry_accepts_order() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            let strategy_id = rust_strategy.strategy_id();
            let client_order_id = ClientOrderId::from("O-PYO3-GTD-001");
            let timer_name = format!("GTD-EXPIRY:{client_order_id}");
            let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Limit)
                .trader_id(TraderId::from("TRADER-001"))
                .strategy_id(strategy_id)
                .instrument_id(sample_instrument().id)
                .client_order_id(client_order_id)
                .quantity(Quantity::from(100_000))
                .price(Price::from("1.00000"))
                .time_in_force(TimeInForce::Gtd)
                .expire_time(UnixNanos::from(1))
                .build();
            let py_order = order_any_to_pyobject(py, order).unwrap();

            {
                let mut clock = rust_strategy.inner_mut().core.clock_mut();
                clock
                    .set_time_alert_ns(&timer_name, UnixNanos::from(1), None, None)
                    .unwrap();
            }
            rust_strategy
                .inner_mut()
                .core
                .gtd_timers
                .insert(client_order_id, Ustr::from(&timer_name));

            rust_strategy
                .py_cancel_gtd_expiry(py, py_order)
                .expect("cancel_gtd_expiry should accept Python order");

            let clock_timer_exists = rust_strategy
                .inner_mut()
                .core
                .clock_mut()
                .timer_names()
                .contains(&timer_name.as_str());

            assert!(
                !rust_strategy
                    .inner_mut()
                    .has_gtd_expiry_timer(&client_order_id)
            );
            assert!(!clock_timer_exists);
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case("on_time_event")]
    #[case("on_data")]
    #[case("on_signal")]
    #[case("on_queue_state")]
    #[case("on_socket_state")]
    #[case("on_instrument")]
    #[case("on_quote")]
    #[case("on_trade")]
    #[case("on_bar")]
    #[case("on_book_deltas")]
    #[case("on_book_depth")]
    #[case("on_book")]
    #[case("on_mark_price")]
    #[case("on_index_price")]
    #[case("on_funding_rate")]
    #[case("on_instrument_status")]
    #[case("on_instrument_close")]
    #[case("on_option_greeks")]
    #[case("on_option_chain")]
    #[case("on_historical_data")]
    #[case("on_historical_book_deltas")]
    #[case("on_historical_book_depth")]
    #[case("on_historical_quotes")]
    #[case("on_historical_trades")]
    #[case("on_historical_funding_rates")]
    #[case("on_historical_bars")]
    #[case("on_historical_mark_prices")]
    #[case("on_historical_index_prices")]
    fn test_python_dispatch_data_callback_matrix(#[case] method_name: &str) {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            assert_python_dispatch(py, method_name, |rust_strategy| match method_name {
                "on_time_event" => {
                    let event = sample_time_event();
                    DataActor::on_time_event(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &event)
                }
                "on_data" => {
                    let data = sample_data();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_data(&data)
                }
                "on_signal" => {
                    let signal = sample_signal();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_signal(&signal)
                }
                "on_queue_state" => {
                    let event = sample_queue_state_changed();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_queue_state(&event)
                }
                "on_socket_state" => {
                    let event = sample_socket_state_changed();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_socket_state(&event)
                }
                "on_instrument" => {
                    let instrument = InstrumentAny::CurrencyPair(sample_instrument());
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_instrument(&instrument)
                }
                "on_quote" => {
                    let quote = sample_quote();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_quote(&quote)
                }
                "on_trade" => {
                    let trade = sample_trade();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_trade(&trade)
                }
                "on_bar" => {
                    let bar = sample_bar();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_bar(&bar)
                }
                "on_book_deltas" => {
                    let deltas = sample_book_deltas();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_book_deltas(&deltas)
                }
                "on_book_depth" => {
                    let depth = sample_book_depth();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_book_depth(&depth)
                }
                "on_book" => {
                    let book = sample_book();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_book(&book)
                }
                "on_mark_price" => {
                    let mark_price = sample_mark_price();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_mark_price(&mark_price)
                }
                "on_index_price" => {
                    let index_price = sample_index_price();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_index_price(&index_price)
                }
                "on_funding_rate" => {
                    let funding_rate = sample_funding_rate();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_funding_rate(&funding_rate)
                }
                "on_instrument_status" => {
                    let status = sample_instrument_status();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_instrument_status(&status)
                }
                "on_instrument_close" => {
                    let close = sample_instrument_close();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_instrument_close(&close)
                }
                "on_option_greeks" => {
                    let greeks = sample_option_greeks();
                    DataActor::on_option_greeks(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &greeks)
                }
                "on_option_chain" => {
                    let slice = sample_option_chain();
                    DataActor::on_option_chain(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &slice)
                }
                "on_historical_data" => {
                    let data = sample_data();
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_historical_data(&data)
                }
                "on_historical_book_deltas" => {
                    let deltas = sample_book_deltas().deltas;
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_historical_book_deltas(&deltas)
                }
                "on_historical_book_depth" => {
                    let depths = vec![sample_book_depth()];
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_historical_book_depth(&depths)
                }
                "on_historical_quotes" => {
                    let quotes = vec![sample_quote()];
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_historical_quotes(&quotes)
                }
                "on_historical_trades" => {
                    let trades = vec![sample_trade()];
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_historical_trades(&trades)
                }
                "on_historical_funding_rates" => {
                    let funding_rates = vec![sample_funding_rate()];
                    rust_strategy
                        .inner_mut()
                        .on_historical_funding_rates(&funding_rates)
                }
                "on_historical_bars" => {
                    let bars = vec![sample_bar()];
                    rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_historical_bars(&bars)
                }
                "on_historical_mark_prices" => {
                    let mark_prices = vec![sample_mark_price()];
                    rust_strategy
                        .inner_mut()
                        .on_historical_mark_prices(&mark_prices)
                }
                "on_historical_index_prices" => {
                    let index_prices = vec![sample_index_price()];
                    rust_strategy
                        .inner_mut()
                        .on_historical_index_prices(&index_prices)
                }
                _ => unreachable!("unhandled data callback case: {method_name}"),
            });
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_dispatch_historical_custom_data_preserves_payload_shape() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();

        Python::attach(|py| {
            let scalar = stub_custom_data(3, 126, None, None);
            let py_strategy = assert_python_dispatch(py, "on_historical_data", |rust_strategy| {
                rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_historical_data(&scalar)
            });
            let actual_scalar = py_strategy
                .call_method1(py, "last_call_args", ("on_historical_data",))
                .unwrap()
                .bind(py)
                .get_item(0)
                .unwrap()
                .extract::<CustomData>()
                .unwrap();

            assert_eq!(actual_scalar, scalar);

            let expected = vec![
                stub_custom_data(1, 42, None, None),
                stub_custom_data(2, 84, None, None),
            ];
            let py_strategy = assert_python_dispatch(py, "on_historical_data", |rust_strategy| {
                rust_strategy.inner_mut().on_historical_data(&expected)
            });
            let actual = py_strategy
                .call_method1(py, "last_call_args", ("on_historical_data",))
                .unwrap()
                .bind(py)
                .get_item(0)
                .unwrap()
                .extract::<Vec<CustomData>>()
                .unwrap();

            assert_eq!(actual, expected);
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_dispatch_historical_book_deltas_preserves_batch() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();

        Python::attach(|py| {
            let expected = stub_deltas().deltas;
            let py_strategy =
                assert_python_dispatch(py, "on_historical_book_deltas", |rust_strategy| {
                    rust_strategy
                        .inner_mut()
                        .on_historical_book_deltas(&expected)
                });
            let actual = py_strategy
                .call_method1(py, "last_call_args", ("on_historical_book_deltas",))
                .unwrap()
                .bind(py)
                .get_item(0)
                .unwrap()
                .extract::<Vec<OrderBookDelta>>()
                .unwrap();

            assert_eq!(actual, expected);
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_dispatch_historical_book_depth_preserves_batch() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();

        Python::attach(|py| {
            let first = stub_depth10();
            let mut second = first.clone();
            second.sequence = 17;
            second.ts_event = UnixNanos::from(18);
            second.ts_init = UnixNanos::from(19);
            let expected = vec![first, second];
            let py_strategy =
                assert_python_dispatch(py, "on_historical_book_depth", |rust_strategy| {
                    rust_strategy
                        .inner_mut()
                        .on_historical_book_depth(&expected)
                });
            let actual = py_strategy
                .call_method1(py, "last_call_args", ("on_historical_book_depth",))
                .unwrap()
                .bind(py)
                .get_item(0)
                .unwrap()
                .extract::<Vec<OrderBookDepth>>()
                .unwrap();

            assert_eq!(actual, expected);
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case("on_order_initialized")]
    #[case("on_order_event")]
    #[case("on_order_denied")]
    #[case("on_order_emulated")]
    #[case("on_order_released")]
    #[case("on_order_submitted")]
    #[case("on_order_rejected")]
    #[case("on_order_accepted")]
    #[case("on_order_expired")]
    #[case("on_order_triggered")]
    #[case("on_order_pending_update")]
    #[case("on_order_pending_cancel")]
    #[case("on_order_modify_rejected")]
    #[case("on_order_cancel_rejected")]
    #[case("on_order_updated")]
    #[case("on_order_canceled")]
    #[case("on_order_filled")]
    #[case("on_order_fill_voided")]
    fn test_python_dispatch_order_callback_matrix(
        #[case] method_name: &str,
        #[values(false, true)] raises: bool,
        #[values(false, true)] shutdown: bool,
    ) {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            assert_python_callback(py, method_name, raises, shutdown, |rust_strategy| {
                match method_name {
                    "on_order_initialized" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_initialized(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderInitialized::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_event" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_event(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderEventAny::Accepted(OrderAccepted::default()),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_denied" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_denied(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderDenied::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_emulated" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_emulated(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderEmulated::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_released" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_released(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderReleased::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_submitted" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_submitted(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderSubmitted::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_rejected" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_rejected(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderRejected::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_accepted" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_accepted(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderAccepted::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_expired" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_expired(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderExpired::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_triggered" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_triggered(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderTriggered::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_pending_update" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_pending_update(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderPendingUpdate::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_pending_cancel" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_pending_cancel(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderPendingCancel::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_modify_rejected" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_modify_rejected(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderModifyRejected::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_cancel_rejected" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_cancel_rejected(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderCancelRejected::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_updated" => {
                        Strategy::on_order_updated(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            OrderUpdated::default(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_canceled" => {
                        let event = OrderCanceled::default();
                        Strategy::on_order_canceled(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &event);
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_filled" => {
                        let event = OrderFilledSpec::builder().build();
                        Strategy::on_order_filled(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &event);
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_order_fill_voided" => {
                        let event = OrderFillVoidedSpec::builder().build();
                        Strategy::on_order_fill_voided(rust_strategy.inner_mut(), &event);
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    _ => unreachable!("unhandled order callback case: {method_name}"),
                }
            });
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case("on_order_filled")]
    #[case("on_order_event")]
    fn test_python_order_event_callback_exception_continues_dispatch(
        #[case] method_name: &str,
        #[values(false, true)] shutdown: bool,
    ) {
        Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let tracker = assert_python_callback(py, method_name, true, shutdown, |strategy| {
                Component::start(strategy.inner_mut()).unwrap();
                Strategy::handle_order_event(
                    strategy.inner_mut(),
                    OrderEventAny::Filled(OrderFilledSpec::builder().build()),
                );
                assert_eq!(Component::state(strategy.inner()), ComponentState::Running);
                Ok(())
            });

            assert_eq!(
                python_method_call_names(&tracker, py),
                ["on_start", "on_order_filled", "on_order_event"],
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_handle_order_event_dispatches_specific_and_aggregate_callbacks() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (py_strategy, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);

            rust_strategy.py_start().unwrap();
            Strategy::handle_order_event(
                rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                OrderEventAny::Accepted(OrderAccepted::default()),
            );

            assert_eq!(
                python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "on_order_accepted"),
                1
            );
            assert_eq!(
                python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "on_order_event"),
                1
            );
            let call_names = python_method_call_names(&py_strategy, py);
            assert_eq!(
                &call_names[call_names.len() - 2..],
                ["on_order_accepted", "on_order_event"],
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case("on_position_event")]
    #[case("on_position_opened")]
    #[case("on_position_changed")]
    #[case("on_position_closed")]
    fn test_python_dispatch_position_callback_matrix(
        #[case] method_name: &str,
        #[values(false, true)] raises: bool,
        #[values(false, true)] shutdown: bool,
    ) {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            assert_python_callback(py, method_name, raises, shutdown, |rust_strategy| {
                match method_name {
                    "on_position_event" => {
                        Strategy::on_position_event(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            PositionEvent::PositionOpened(sample_position_opened()),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_position_opened" => {
                        Strategy::on_position_opened(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            sample_position_opened(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_position_changed" => {
                        Strategy::on_position_changed(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            sample_position_changed(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    "on_position_closed" => {
                        Strategy::on_position_closed(
                            rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                            sample_position_closed(),
                        );
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    _ => unreachable!("unhandled position callback case: {method_name}"),
                }
            });
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_handle_position_event_dispatches_specific_and_aggregate_callbacks() {
        pyo3::Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (py_strategy, mut rust_strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);

            rust_strategy.py_start().unwrap();
            Strategy::handle_position_event(
                rust_strategy.inner_mut(),
                PositionEvent::PositionOpened(sample_position_opened()),
            );

            assert_eq!(
                python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "on_position_opened"),
                1
            );
            assert_eq!(
                python_method_call_count(&py_strategy, py, "on_position_event"),
                1
            );
            let call_names = python_method_call_names(&py_strategy, py);
            assert_eq!(
                &call_names[call_names.len() - 2..],
                ["on_position_opened", "on_position_event"],
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    fn test_python_self_is_weak() {
        Python::initialize();

        Python::attach(|py| {
            let instance = py
                .get_type::<PyStrategy>()
                .call0()
                .expect("Strategy should construct");
            let weakref =
                PyWeakrefReference::new(&instance).expect("Strategy should be weak-referenceable");
            assert!(weakref.upgrade().is_some());

            drop(instance);

            // A strong `py_self` would form an untraceable Rust-Python cycle and keep this alive
            assert!(
                weakref.upgrade().is_none(),
                "an unregistered Strategy must be collected once its last Python owner is dropped",
            );
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case("on_start")]
    #[case("on_stop")]
    #[case("on_resume")]
    #[case("on_reset")]
    #[case("on_dispose")]
    #[case("on_degrade")]
    #[case("on_fault")]
    #[case("on_save")]
    #[case("on_load")]
    #[case("on_time_event")]
    #[case("on_data")]
    #[case("on_signal")]
    #[case("on_queue_state")]
    #[case("on_socket_state")]
    #[case("on_instrument")]
    #[case("on_quote")]
    #[case("on_trade")]
    #[case("on_bar")]
    #[case("on_book_deltas")]
    #[case("on_book_depth")]
    #[case("on_book")]
    #[case("on_mark_price")]
    #[case("on_index_price")]
    #[case("on_funding_rate")]
    #[case("on_instrument_status")]
    #[case("on_instrument_close")]
    #[case("on_option_greeks")]
    #[case("on_option_chain")]
    #[case("on_market_exit")]
    #[case("post_market_exit")]
    #[case("on_order_initialized")]
    #[case("on_order_event")]
    #[case("on_order_denied")]
    #[case("on_order_emulated")]
    #[case("on_order_released")]
    #[case("on_order_submitted")]
    #[case("on_order_rejected")]
    #[case("on_order_accepted")]
    #[case("on_order_expired")]
    #[case("on_order_triggered")]
    #[case("on_order_pending_update")]
    #[case("on_order_pending_cancel")]
    #[case("on_order_modify_rejected")]
    #[case("on_order_cancel_rejected")]
    #[case("on_order_updated")]
    #[case("on_order_canceled")]
    #[case("on_order_filled")]
    #[case("on_order_fill_voided")]
    #[case("on_position_opened")]
    #[case("on_position_event")]
    #[case("on_position_changed")]
    #[case("on_position_closed")]
    #[case("on_historical_data")]
    #[case("on_historical_book_deltas")]
    #[case("on_historical_book_depth")]
    #[case("on_historical_quotes")]
    #[case("on_historical_trades")]
    #[case("on_historical_funding_rates")]
    #[case("on_historical_bars")]
    #[case("on_historical_mark_prices")]
    #[case("on_historical_index_prices")]
    fn test_default_callback_during_exclusive_borrow(#[case] method: &str) {
        Python::initialize();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let argument = match method {
                "on_start" | "on_stop" | "on_resume" | "on_reset" | "on_dispose" | "on_degrade"
                | "on_fault" | "on_save" | "on_market_exit" | "post_market_exit" => None,
                "on_load" => Some(PyDict::new(py).into_any().unbind()),
                "on_time_event" => Some(sample_time_event().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_data" | "on_instrument" | "on_order_event" | "on_position_event"
                | "on_historical_data" => Some(py.None()),
                "on_signal" => Some(sample_signal().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_queue_state" => Some(sample_queue_state_changed().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_socket_state" => Some(sample_socket_state_changed().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_quote" => Some(sample_quote().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_trade" => Some(sample_trade().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_bar" => Some(sample_bar().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_book_deltas" => Some(sample_book_deltas().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_book_depth" => Some(sample_book_depth().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_book" => Some(sample_book().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_mark_price" => Some(sample_mark_price().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_index_price" => Some(sample_index_price().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_funding_rate" => Some(sample_funding_rate().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_instrument_status" => Some(sample_instrument_status().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_instrument_close" => Some(sample_instrument_close().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_option_greeks" => Some(sample_option_greeks().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_option_chain" => Some(sample_option_chain().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_initialized" => {
                    Some(OrderInitialized::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap())
                }
                "on_order_denied" => Some(OrderDenied::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_emulated" => Some(OrderEmulated::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_released" => Some(OrderReleased::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_submitted" => Some(OrderSubmitted::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_rejected" => Some(OrderRejected::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_accepted" => Some(OrderAccepted::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_expired" => Some(OrderExpired::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_triggered" => Some(OrderTriggered::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_pending_update" => {
                    Some(OrderPendingUpdate::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap())
                }
                "on_order_pending_cancel" => {
                    Some(OrderPendingCancel::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap())
                }
                "on_order_modify_rejected" => {
                    Some(OrderModifyRejected::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap())
                }
                "on_order_cancel_rejected" => {
                    Some(OrderCancelRejected::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap())
                }
                "on_order_updated" => Some(OrderUpdated::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_canceled" => Some(OrderCanceled::default().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_order_filled" => {
                    Some(OrderFilledSpec::builder().build().into_py_any(py).unwrap())
                }
                "on_order_fill_voided" => Some(
                    OrderFillVoidedSpec::builder()
                        .build()
                        .into_py_any(py)
                        .unwrap(),
                ),
                "on_position_opened" => Some(sample_position_opened().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_position_changed" => Some(sample_position_changed().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_position_closed" => Some(sample_position_closed().into_py_any(py).unwrap()),
                "on_historical_book_deltas"
                | "on_historical_book_depth"
                | "on_historical_quotes"
                | "on_historical_trades"
                | "on_historical_funding_rates"
                | "on_historical_bars"
                | "on_historical_mark_prices"
                | "on_historical_index_prices" => Some(PyList::empty(py).into_any().unbind()),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };

            let instance = py.get_type::<PyStrategy>().call0().unwrap();
            let _borrow = instance
                .extract::<pyo3::PyRefMut<'_, PyStrategy>>()
                .unwrap();

            let result = match argument {
                Some(argument) => instance.call_method1(method, (argument,)),
                None => instance.call_method0(method),
            }
            .unwrap();

            if method == "on_save" {
                assert_eq!(result.len().unwrap(), 0);
            } else {
                assert!(result.is_none());
            }
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case(false)]
    #[case(true)]
    fn test_modify_order_no_changes_returns_error_without_logging(#[case] same_values: bool) {
        Python::initialize();
        let _guard = init_logging(
            TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            UUID4::new(),
            Default::default(),
            Default::default(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            let strategy_id = strategy.strategy_id();
            let cache = strategy.inner().core.cache_rc();
            let instance = Py::new(py, strategy).unwrap();
            let client_order_id = ClientOrderId::from("O-NO-CHANGE-001");
            let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Limit)
                .instrument_id(InstrumentId::from("AUD/USD.SIM"))
                .strategy_id(strategy_id)
                .client_order_id(client_order_id)
                .price(Price::from("1.23456"))
                .quantity(Quantity::from(123))
                .submit(true)
                .build();
            cache
                .borrow_mut()
                .add_order(order.clone(), None, None, true)
                .unwrap();
            let argument = client_order_id.into_py_any(py).unwrap();
            let quantity = same_values.then_some(order.quantity());
            let price = same_values.then_some(order.price().unwrap());
            arm_shutdown_on_error(true);
            let result = instance.call_method1(py, "modify_order", (argument, quantity, price));
            let trigger = take_shutdown_on_error_trigger();
            disarm_shutdown_on_error();

            let e = result.unwrap_err();
            assert!(e.is_instance_of::<pyo3::exceptions::PyRuntimeError>(py));
            assert_eq!(
                e.to_string(),
                "RuntimeError: Cannot create command ModifyOrder: quantity, price, and trigger were either None or the same as existing values"
            );
            assert_eq!(trigger, None);
            assert_eq!(cache.borrow().order(&client_order_id).unwrap(), &order);
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case(false)]
    #[case(true)]
    fn test_submit_order_list_validation_returns_error_without_logging(
        #[case] duplicate_ids: bool,
    ) {
        Python::initialize();
        let _guard = init_logging(
            TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            UUID4::new(),
            Default::default(),
            Default::default(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let (_, strategy) = create_registered_tracking_strategy(py);
            let client_order_id = ClientOrderId::from("O-LIST-DUPLICATE-001");
            let cache = strategy.inner().core.cache_rc();
            let order =
                sample_python_market_order(py, strategy.strategy_id(), client_order_id).unwrap();

            let orders = if duplicate_ids {
                vec![order.clone_ref(py), order]
            } else {
                Vec::new()
            };

            let instance = Py::new(py, strategy).unwrap();
            arm_shutdown_on_error(true);
            let result =
                instance.call_method1(py, "submit_order_list", (PyList::new(py, orders).unwrap(),));
            let trigger = take_shutdown_on_error_trigger();
            disarm_shutdown_on_error();

            let e = result.unwrap_err();
            assert!(e.is_instance_of::<pyo3::exceptions::PyRuntimeError>(py));
            assert!(e.to_string().contains(if duplicate_ids {
                "duplicate"
            } else {
                "no orders to submit"
            }));
            assert_eq!(trigger, None);
            assert!(!cache.borrow().order_exists(&client_order_id));
        });
    }

    #[rstest::rstest]
    #[case("submit_order", "default")]
    #[case("modify_order", "default")]
    #[case("submit_order", "super")]
    #[case("modify_order", "super")]
    #[case("submit_order", "getter")]
    #[case("modify_order", "getter")]
    fn test_order_command_callback_borrowing(#[case] method: &str, #[case] callback: &str) {
        Python::initialize();
        let _guard = init_logging(
            TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
            UUID4::new(),
            Default::default(),
            Default::default(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        Python::attach(|py| {
            let globals = PyDict::new(py);
            globals
                .set_item("Strategy", py.get_type::<PyStrategy>())
                .unwrap();
            py.run(
                c_str!(
                    r#"
class CommandStrategy(Strategy):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.calls = []
        self.callback = "default"

    def on_start(self):
        pass

    def on_order_event(self, event):

        if self.callback == "getter":
            self.calls.append("enter")
            self.cache
        else:
            super().on_order_event(event)
        self.calls.append("exit")
"#
                ),
                Some(&globals),
                None,
            )
            .unwrap();
            let instance = py
                .eval(c_str!("CommandStrategy()"), Some(&globals), None)
                .unwrap();
            instance.setattr("callback", callback).unwrap();
            if callback == "default" {
                instance.get_type().delattr("on_order_event").unwrap();
            }

            let clock: Rc<RefCell<dyn Clock>> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(VirtualClock::new()));
            let cache = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Cache::default()));

            let portfolio = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Portfolio::new(
                clock.clone(),
                cache.clone(),
                None,
            )));
            let strategy_id;
            {
                let mut strategy = instance
                    .extract::<pyo3::PyRefMut<'_, PyStrategy>>()
                    .unwrap();
                strategy
                    .register(
                        TraderId::from("TRADER-001"),
                        clock,
                        cache.clone(),
                        portfolio,
                    )
                    .unwrap();
                strategy.register_in_global_registries().unwrap();
                Component::start(strategy.inner_mut()).unwrap();
                strategy_id = strategy.strategy_id();
            }

            let actor_id = strategy_id.inner();

            let handler = msgbus::TypedHandler::from(move |event: &OrderEventAny| {
                let mut strategy = nautilus_common::actor::registry::try_get_actor_unchecked::<
                    super::PyStrategyInner,
                >(&actor_id)
                .unwrap();
                Strategy::handle_order_event(&mut *strategy, event.clone());
            });

            let topic = format!("events.order.{strategy_id}");
            msgbus::subscribe_order_events(topic.clone().into(), handler.clone(), None);
            let (risk_handler, messages): (_, TypedIntoMessageSavingHandler<TradingCommand>) =
                get_typed_into_message_saving_handler(Some(Ustr::from("RiskEngine.queue_execute")));
            msgbus::register_trading_command_endpoint(
                MessagingSwitchboard::risk_engine_queue_execute(),
                risk_handler,
            );
            let client_order_id = ClientOrderId::from("O-CALLBACK-001");
            let order = OrderTestBuilder::new(OrderType::Limit)
                .trader_id(TraderId::from("TRADER-001"))
                .strategy_id(strategy_id)
                .instrument_id(sample_instrument().id)
                .client_order_id(client_order_id)
                .price(Price::from("1.23456"))
                .quantity(Quantity::from(123))
                .submit(method == "modify_order")
                .build();

            if method == "modify_order" {
                cache
                    .borrow_mut()
                    .add_order(order.clone(), None, None, true)
                    .unwrap();
            }

            arm_shutdown_on_error(true);

            let result = if method == "submit_order" {
                instance.call_method1(method, (order_any_to_pyobject(py, order).unwrap(),))
            } else {
                instance.call_method1(method, (client_order_id, Quantity::from(234)))
            };

            let trigger = take_shutdown_on_error_trigger();
            disarm_shutdown_on_error();
            msgbus::unsubscribe_order_events(topic.into(), &handler);

            assert!(result.unwrap().is_none());
            assert_eq!(messages.get_messages().len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(
                cache.borrow().order(&client_order_id).unwrap().status(),
                if method == "submit_order" {
                    OrderStatus::Initialized
                } else {
                    OrderStatus::PendingUpdate
                }
            );
            let calls = instance
                .getattr("calls")
                .unwrap()
                .extract::<Vec<String>>()
                .unwrap();

            match callback {
                "default" => {
                    assert_eq!(calls, Vec::<String>::new());
                    assert_eq!(trigger, None);
                }
                "super" => {
                    assert_eq!(calls, ["exit"]);
                    assert_eq!(trigger, None);
                }
                "getter" => {
                    assert_eq!(calls, ["enter"]);
                    let trigger = trigger.unwrap();
                    assert_eq!(trigger.component, actor_id);
                    assert!(
                        trigger
                            .message
                            .starts_with("Python on_order_event failed:\n")
                    );
                    assert!(
                        trigger
                            .message
                            .contains("RuntimeError: Already mutably borrowed")
                    );
                }
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        });
    }
}